שָׁלוֹם
shâlôwm · H7965 · Hebrew · 237 occurrences
Meanings
-
completely, wholly
State in which an entire group of people undergoes a certain event, without exceptions
ExamplesJeremiah 13:19 The cities of the Negev have been locked up, And there is no one to open them; All Judah has been taken into exile, Wholly taken into exile.
-
peace, harmony, well-being, welfare, prosperity, safety
Literally: completeness; hence: condition in which there is no conflict, war, danger, sickness, famine, or anything to fear, but where one can live at ease and with confidence
ExamplesGenesis 15:15 “As for you, you shall go to your fathers in peace; you will be buried at a good old age.
-
friend, ally
Literally: (person of) peace; hence: someone with whom one has a good relationship and from whom one would expect some degree of loyalty; only used in contexts where that loyalty is unexpectedly lacking
ExamplesPsalm 41:9 Even my close friend in whom I trusted, Who ate my bread, Has lifted up his heel against me.
How it’s used In 10 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Whose, or of whatGenitive or possessive
26 occurrences in 19 groups
- יmy 4
- בֵּןson 3
- ךָyour 3
- Other words · 16 groups that occur once or twice (17) 17
Words describing itAdjectives, demonstratives, participles
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- רַבmany, great 1
Named alongside itApposition
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- בְּרִיתcovenant, treaty 1
What it doesIt is the subject
13 occurrences in 2 groups
- הָיָהto be, to become 12
- נָשַׁקto kiss 1
What is done to itIt is the object
51 occurrences in 22 groups
- דָבַרto speak, to say 6
- אָמַרto say 5
- עָשָׂהto do, to make 5
- הָיָהto be, to become 4
- נָתַןto give, to put, to set 4
- דָּרַשׁto seek, to inquire 3
- Other words · 14 groups that occur once or twice (18) 18
Second object ofSecond object
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- עָנָהto answer 1
What it is said to bePredicate
36 occurrences in 18 groups
- אַיִןthere is no, not 11
- ךָּyou 5
- ךְyou 3
- Other words · 15 groups that occur once or twice (20) 20
What is said to be itIt is the predicate
14 occurrences in 10 groups
- Other words · 10 groups that occur once or twice (14) 14
After prepositionsPrepositional phrases
76 occurrences in 4 groups
- בin/on/with 76
- לto/for 65
- מִןfrom 2
- עַלon, upon, over, against 1
In phrases “… of it”It is the genitive
28 occurrences in 21 groups
- אִישׁman, person, each 4
- בְּרִיתcovenant, treaty 3
- Other words · 19 groups that occur once or twice (21) 21
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 1 word
- εἰρήνη eirḗnē · G1515 · peace, tranquility, freedom from worry
- Greek εἰρήνη (eirḗnē, G1515) serves as the standard LXX rendering of Hebrew שָׁלוֹם (shâlôwm, H7965), capturing both the concrete sense of 'peace/well-being' and the idiomatic greeting/welfare usages.
Semantic domains 3 entries
- Complete002001003003
- The noun's sense of a full, undisturbed completion, reflected in the promise that Abram would "go to your fathers in peace" and be buried at a good old age, his life reaching its full close (Genesis 15:15).
- Safe002003003019
- The word's core sense of security and untroubled well-being, directly shown in the covenant assurance of no harm and being "sent... away in peace" (Genesis 26:29, 26:31) and Jacob's vow to "return... in safety" (Genesis 28:21).
- Friends001001003003
- The same word used in the social greeting formula inquiring after someone's well-being, directly shown in Jacob's question "is it well with him?" and the shepherds' reply "it is well" (Genesis 29:6).
Word family 11 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H7965. shalom שָׁלוֺם237 noun masculineIsa 54:13 completeness, soundness, welfare, peace…
שָׁלוֺם237 noun masculineIsa 54:13 completeness, soundness, welfare, peace (LagBN 174); — ׳שׁ Gen 29:6 +; שָׁלֹם (rare) Eze 13:16 +; construct שְׁלוֺם Gen 37:14 +; suffix שְׁלוֺמִי Psa 41:10 +, etc.; plural (all dubious) שְׁלוֺמִים Jer 13:19; Psa 69:23; suffix שְׁמָֹיו Psa 55:21; —
1 completeness in number, שְׁלוֺמִים הָגְלָת Jer 13:19 Judah is wholly carried captive (but read שְׁלֵמָה גָּלוּת, compare Amo 1:6; so ᵐ5 WeAmos SS Buhl).
2 safety, soundness, in body, בַּעֲצָמַי שָׁלוֺם אֵין Psa 38:4; לְשָׁלוֺם Isa 38:17; אָהֳלֶ֑ךָ שָׁלוֺם (Ges§ 141c) Job 5:24 is safe, secure.
3 welfare, health, prosperity: לפ ׳שָׁאַל ׳לשׁ ask one about welfare Gen 43:27 (J), Exo 18:7 (E), Jdg 18:15 Jdg 18:7t., compare 2Sa 11:7 (3 t. in verse); pregnantly לשׁלום ירד 2Ki 10:13 descend (to ask) about welfare of, compare 1Sa 17:18; Jer 38:4; לשׁ ׳הלד Exo 4:18 (E) + 5 t.; לשׁ ׳עלה Gen 44:17 (J), 1Sa 25:35; לשׁ ׳דבּר Gen 37:4 (JE); ל ׳שָׁלוֺם be well with Gen 29:6; Gen 43:23, Gen 43:28 (J), Jdg 6:23; Jdg 19:20; 1Sa 20:7, 1Sa 20:21 1Sa 20:10t., 2Ki 4:26 (3 t. in verse); בְּ שָׁלוֺם Psa 122:7; Psa 122:8 may it be well in; absolute as object of אָמַר well, be well, ׳שׁ Gen 29:6 (J), 2Sa 18:28; 2Ki 9:11, 2Ki 9:17, 2Ki 9:18, 2Ki 9:19, 2Ki 9:22; Jer 6:14 (twice in verse) + 10 t.; אֲבִיכֶם הֲשָׁלוֺם (Ges§ 141c) Gen 43:27 (J); ׳שׁ בּ(וֺ)אֶ֑ךָ 1Sa 16:4 (see Dr), 1Ki 2:13; שׁ ׳אֵין Jer 6:14 Jer 6:3t.; שׁ ׳אין לרשׁעים Isa 48:22; Isa 57:21; but ׳שׁ רשׁעים ראה Psa 73:3; שׁ ׳רֹב Psa 37:11; Psa 72:7; שׁ ׳שׁאל ׳פ Psa 122:6; שׁ ׳דרשׁ (|| טוב) Deu 23:7; Ezr 9:12; ׳שׁ לָךְ יוֺסִיפוּ Pro 3:2; ׳בַּשׁ Job 15:21 in time of prosperity.
4 peace, quiet, tranquility, contentment, Isa 32:17 (|| הַשְׁקֵט וָבֶטַח); בשׁ ׳שָׁכַב Psalm 4:9 (to sleep); depart life ׳בְּשׁ in tranquillity Gen 15:15 (RJE), 1Ki 2:6 1Ki 2:3t., יְבוֺא Isa 57:2; שׁ לְאִישׁ ׳אַחֲרִית Psa 37:37; בשׁ ׳בא Exo 18:23 (E) come in contentment; שׁ ׳ארץ Jer 12:5; שׁ ׳נְוֵה (|| מבטחים) Isa 32:18, compare Jer 25:37; ׳שׁ מִמָּ֑חַד Job 21:9; לְמקֵשׁ ולשׁלומים Psa 69:23 security, (let it) become a trap (but ᵐ5 Aq Symm Theod Jerome וּלְמ ׳וּלְשִׁלּוּמִים, Du (compare ᵑ7) וּשְׁלָמִים peace-offerings, and שֻׁלְחָן va).
5 peace, friendship:
a. human relations: שְׁמִֹי אֱנוֺשׁ Jer 20:10 man of my friendship, compare Jer 38:22; Obadiah 7; Psa 41:10; שׁ ׳עֲצַת בין Zec 6:13; שׁ ׳יֹעֲצֵי Pro 12:20; (עִם אֵת,) שׁ ׳דבּר Psa 28:3; Psa 35:20; Jer 9:7; שׁ ׳בקּשׁ Psa 34:15; שׁ ׳ידע Isa 59:8; שׁ ׳דֶּרֶךְ Isa 59:8; ׳בשׁ שׁלּח Gen 26:29 (J); בשׁ ׳הלן Gen 26:31 (J), 1Sa 29:7 1Sa 29:4t.; בשׁ ׳שׁוב 2Sa 15:27; || צדקה in Messianic reign Psa 72:3.
b. peace with God, especially in covenant relation: Isa 54:10 ברית covt. of my peace, compare Num 25:12 (P), Eze 34:25; Eze 37:26, also Mal 2:5; ׳י ׳שׁ as name of altar Jdg 6:24; ׳י subject שׁ ׳שׁם לְ Num 6:26 (P); בשׁ ׳בֵּרַךְ Psa 29:11; שׁ ׳חפץ Psa 35:27; שׁ ׳עשׂה לְ Jer 33:9; שׁ אָסַף ׳מֵאֵת Jer 16:5 (|| חסד); שׁ ׳דבּר אֶל Psa 85:9; שׁ ׳נתן Hag 2:9; שׁ ׳מחשׁבות Jer 29:11; man subject שׁ ׳עשׂח ׳ל Isa 27:5 (twice in verse); בשׁ ׳הלן Mal 2:6. In this sense || אֶדֶק Psa 85:11, || אְדָקָה Isa 54:13; Isa 60:17, || שִׂמְחָה Isa 55:12, is like a river Isa 48:18; Isa 66:12; עַליֿשׂראל׳שׁ Psa 125:5; Psa 128:6, שׁ דוֺרָדֶ֑ךָ לְאֹהֲבֵי ׳רָב Psa 119:165; שׁ ׳מוּסַר Isa 53:5 chastisement for our peace (but SS Buhl שִׁלֻּמֵינוּ).
6 peace from war: (ל) שׁ ׳עשׂה make peace (with) Jos 9:15; Job 25:2; שׁ ׳נתן בארץ Lev 26:6 (H); שׁ ׳ובין בין Jdg 4:17; 1Sa 7:14; 1 Kings 5:26; (ל)שׁ ׳קרא Deu 20:10; Jdg 21:13; Mic 3:5; בשׁ ׳שׁוב Jos 10:21 (E), Jdg 8:9; Jdg 11:31; בשׁ ׳בא 2Sa 19:25; 2Sa 19:31 2Sa 19:7t.; שׁ ׳היה לְ 1Ki 5:4 1Ki 5:3t., compare 2Sa 17:3 (see Dr); שׁ ׳בקּשׁ Eze 7:25; שׁ ׳מלאכי Isa 33:7; שׁ ׳נתן רָשֶׁקֶט 1Ch 22:9; שׁ ׳מוֺצְאֵת Son 8:10; ׳שׁ (ו)אמת Isa 39:8 = 2Ki 20:19 2Ki 20:3t., compare Zec 8:19; שׁ ׳עֵת Ecc 3:8; ׳בְּשׁ 1Ki 2:5 in time of peace; שׁ ׳שַׂר Isa 9:5 (Messianic title), compare שׁ ׳זֶה Mic 5:4.
7 as adjective שְׁמָֹיו Psa 55:21 those at peace with him (read שֹׁלְמָיו Bae Buhl Du, or שְׁלֵטָיו SS; ᵐ5 apparently שִׁלּוּמָיו).
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 3 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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