עֵד
ʻêd · H5707 · Hebrew · 69 occurrences
Meanings
-
witness
A person or deity who has evidence that something has taken place or that some decision has been made
ExamplesGenesis 31:50 “If you mistreat my daughters, or if you take wives besides my daughters, although no one is with us, see, God is witness between you and me.”
Leviticus 5:1 ‘Now if a person sins after he hears a public order to testify when he is a witness, whether he has seen or otherwise known, if he does not tell it, then he will bear his punishment.
Deuteronomy 17:6 “On the testimony of two witnesses or three witnesses, the condemned shall be put to death; he shall not be put to death on the testimony of only one witness.
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evidence, proof
An object that functions as evidence or proof that something has taken place or that some decision has been made
ExamplesGenesis 31:52 “This heap is a witness, and the memorial stone is a witness, that I will not pass by this heap to you for harm, and you will not pass by this heap and this memorial stone to me, for harm.
Exodus 22:13 “If it is all torn to pieces, have him bring it as evidence; he shall not be compelled to make restitution for what has been torn to pieces.
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evidence, proof
An event that functions as evidence or proof that something has taken place or that some decision has been made
ExamplesGenesis 31:44 “So now come, let’s make a covenant, you and I, and it shall be a witness between you and me.”
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testimony
Action by which humans provide evidence or proof that something has taken place or that some decision has been made
ExamplesExodus 20:16 “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
Exodus 23:1 “You shall not give a false report; do not join your hand with a wicked person to be a malicious witness.
Deuteronomy 5:20 ‘You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
How it’s used In 10 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Whose, or of whatGenitive or possessive
26 occurrences in 12 groups
- שֶׁקֶרlie, falsehood, false 9
- יmy 4
- חָמָסviolence, wrong 3
- Other words · 9 groups that occur once or twice (11) 11
Words describing itAdjectives, demonstratives, participles
10 occurrences in 6 groups
- אֶחָדone 3
- שָׁלוֹשׁthree 2
- שְׁנַיִםtwo 2
- כָּתַבto write down, to write, to inscribe 1
- מָהַרto hurry, to hasten 1
- אָמַןto believe, to be faithful, to trust 1
Named alongside itApposition
1 occurrences in 2 groups
- זְכַרְיָהZechariah 1
- אוּרִיָּהUriah 1
What it doesIt is the subject
14 occurrences in 9 groups
- קוּםto arise 4
- Other words · 8 groups that occur once or twice (10) 10
What is done to itIt is the object
12 occurrences in 5 groups
- עוּדto warn 4
- הָיָהto be, to become 3
- עָנָהto answer 3
- חָדַשׁto renew, to repair 1
- נָתַןto give, to put, to set 1
Second object ofSecond object
2 occurrences in 2 groups
- נָתַןto give, to put, to set 1
- בּוֹאto come, to go in, to bring 1
What it is said to bePredicate
3 occurrences in 3 groups
- אַיִןthere is no, not 1
- עֵדwitness 1
- שָׁמַיִםheaven, sky 1
What is said to be itIt is the predicate
18 occurrences in 9 groups
- אַתָּהyou 6
- הוּאhe, she, it 4
- Other words · 7 groups that occur once or twice (8) 8
After prepositionsPrepositional phrases
8 occurrences in 1 groups
- לto/for 15
In phrases “… of it”It is the genitive
8 occurrences in 3 groups
- פֶּהmouth 6
- יָדhand, power 1
- עַיִןeye, sight 1
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 4 words
- μάρτυς mártys · G3144 · witness, one who testifies, martyr
- Greek μάρτυς is the standard translation equivalent of Hebrew עֵד across juridical, covenantal, and general testimonial contexts, maintaining the core sense of one who testifies or gives witness.
- μαρτυρέω martyréō · G3140 · to witness, to speak well of, to approve of
- Hebrew noun עֵד denotes the witness (person/thing bearing testimony), while Greek verb μαρτυρέω denotes the act of witnessing/testifying; grammatically distinct but semantically direct equivalents in witness-testimony semantic domain.
- μαρτυρία martyría · G3141 · to witness, testimony, witness
- Greek μαρτυρία (martyría, G3141) denotes the testimony or evidence given by a witness, corresponding to Hebrew עֵד (ʻêd, H5707) as the witness who provides that testimony — the terms form a natural semantic pair across the witness/testimony conceptual field, with עֵד typically rendering the person and μαρτυρία the act or content of witnessing.
- μαρτύριον martýrion · G3142 · to witness, testimony, witness
- Greek μαρτύριον (martýrion, G3142) serves as the standard translation equivalent for Hebrew עֵד (ʻêd, H5707) in LXX witness contexts, both denoting testimonial evidence or the act/content of bearing witness, with μαρτύριον's specialized use for the Decalogue tablets ('testimony') directly reflecting עֵד's parallel usage in Hebrew Scripture.
Semantic domains 4 entries
- Witnesses001001003014
- Its most frequent sense, a witness, as repeatedly invoked by Jacob and Laban's heap of stones set up as a witness between them, and God Himself called as witness to their covenant.
- Objects001
- The witnessing object itself, such as the memorial heap of stones Jacob and Laban raised, serving as a physical witness to their agreement.
- Events002
- A broader attested sense of the witnessed event itself, not directly shown by the citations sampled here.
- Speak002004001009008
- The act of testifying in speech, as in the command not to give false testimony against one's neighbor.
Word family 10 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H5707. ed עֵד69 noun masculineDeu 17:6 witness (probably from reiterating, hence…
עֵד69 noun masculineDeu 17:6 witness (probably from reiterating, hence emphatically affirming); — ׳ע absolute Gen 31:48 +, construct Exo 20:16 +; suffix עֵדִי Job 16:19; plural עֵדִים Num 35:30 +, construct עֵדֵי Psa 27:12; Psa 35:11; suffix עֵדַי Isa 43:10, Isa 43:12, etc.; —
1 witness, testimony, evidence, of things: heap of stones Gen 31:44, Gen 31:48, Gen 31:52 (JE), torn animal Exo 22:12 (E), song of Moses Deu 31:19, Deu 31:21 (J), law-book Deu 31:26 (D), witness of ׳י against Israel; altar east of Jordan, with בֵּין, Jos 22:27-28, Jos 22:34 (P), compare Isa 19:20; Job's evil condition Job 16:8; the moon Psa 89:38.
2 witness, a person:
a. God, in heaven for Job Job 16:19; on earth, for Samuel 1Sa 12:5 (twice in verse) + 1Sa 12:6 ᵐ5 Th and most, Jeremiah Jer 42:5; see also 1Sa 20:12 (insert עֵד before ᵑ6 ׳י Dr Bu Kit Löhr HPS); against persons Jer 29:23; Mal 3:5, nations Mic 1:2; between (בֵּין persons Gen 31:50 (E).
b. Davidic dyn., to nations Isa 55:4.
c. witnesses, of transfer of property Jer 32:10, Jer 32:12, Jer 32:25, Jer 32:44, betrothal Rth 4:9-10, Rth 4:11; usually of testimony in court, and in civil and social relations, with בְּ against, Num 5:13; Jos 24:22; 1Sa 12:5 +, with קום rise up against Psa 27:12; Psa 35:11; בְּ שֶׁקֶר עֵד עָנָה answer (in court) as a false witness against Exo 20:16 = שָׁוְא עֵד Deu 5:17; Pro 25:18; עֵדִים לְפִי Num 35:30 (P); עֵדִ(יםׅ עַלמִּֿי Deu 17:6 (twice in verse) at the mouth of witnesses, so Deu 19:15 (twice in verse). — False witness is ׳ע שֶׁקֶר Exo 20:16; Deu 19:18 (twice in verse); Psa 27:12; Pro 6:19; Pro 14:5; ׳ע שְׁקָרִים Pro 12:17; Pro 19:5, Pro 19:9; ׳ע כְּזָבִים Pro 21:28; ׳ע חִנָּם Pro 24:28; ׳ע בְּלִיַּעַל Pro 19:28; ׳ע חָמָס witness of (i.e. supporting) violence Exo 23:1 (E) Deu 19:16; Psa 35:11. Faithful witness is ׳ע אֱמוּנִים Pro 14:5; ׳ע אֱמֶת Jer 42:5; Pro 14:25.
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 4 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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