עַד
ʻad · H5704 · Hebrew · 1,262 occurrences
Meanings
-
to, as far as
Particle linking an event to a point in space; relation indicating that event X ends at point in space Y
ExamplesGenesis 10:19 The territory of the Canaanite extended from Sidon going toward Gerar, as far as Gaza; and going toward Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
Genesis 11:31 Now Terah took his son Abram, and Lot the son of Haran, his grandson, and his daughter-in-law Sarai, his son Abram’s wife, and they departed together from Ur of the Chaldeans to go to the land of Canaan; and they went as far as Haran and settled there.
Genesis 12:6 Abram passed through the land as far as the site of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. Now the Canaanites were in the land at that time.
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until, up to
Particle linking an event to a point in time; relation indicating that event X ends at point in time Y
ExamplesGenesis 8:5 And the water decreased steadily until the tenth month; in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains became visible.
Genesis 13:15 for all the land which you see I will give to you and to your descendants forever.
Genesis 15:16 “Then in the fourth generation they will return here, for the wrongdoing of the Amorite is not yet complete.”
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until
Particle linking two events; relation indicating that event X ends at the time of occurrence or completion of event Y
ExamplesGenesis 3:19 By the sweat of your face You shall eat bread, Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken; For you are dust, And to dust you shall return.”
Genesis 8:7 and he sent out a raven, and it flew here and there until the water was dried up from the earth.
Genesis 19:22 “Hurry, escape there, for I cannot do anything until you arrive there.” Therefore the town was named Zoar.
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like
Particle linking an event to an object; relation indicating that the main argument of event X is comparable to object Y
Examples1 Chronicles 4:27 Now Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters; but his brothers did not have many sons, nor did all their family increase like the sons of Judah.
Nahum 1:10 Like tangled thorns, And like those who are drunken with their drink, They are consumed Like stubble completely dried up.
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until
Particle linking two objects, of which the first is not always listed explicitly; relation indicating that object X and object Y are at opposite ends of a range of similar objects
ExamplesGenesis 7:23 So He wiped out every living thing that was upon the face of the land, from mankind to animals, to crawling things, and the birds of the sky, and they were wiped out from the earth; and only Noah was left, together with those that were with him in the ark.
Genesis 19:11 Then they struck the men who were at the doorway of the house with blindness, from the small to the great, so that they became weary of trying to find the doorway.
Genesis 49:26 “The blessings of your father Have surpassed the blessings of my ancestors Up to the furthest boundary of the everlasting hills; May they be on the head of Joseph, And on the top of the head of the one distinguished among his brothers.
-
Particle linking an event to an object; relation indicating that event X results in the existence of object Y ((resulting) into)
Examples1 Chronicles 12:22 For day by day men came to David to help him, until there was a great army like the army of God.
Micah 1:7 All of her idols will be crushed, All of her earnings will be burned with fire, And all of her images I will make desolate; For she collected them from a prostitute’s earnings, And to the earnings of a prostitute they will return.
-
Particle linking an event to an object; relation indicating that event X results in a certain level of status for object Y ((attain) to)
Examples2 Samuel 23:19 He was the most honored among the thirty, so he became their commander; however, he did not attain to the reputation of the three.
1 Chronicles 11:21 Of the three in the second rank he was the most honored, and he became their commander; however, he did not attain the reputation of the first three.
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steadily
Process by which an event gradually increases in intensity
Examples2 Chronicles 26:8 The Ammonites gave tribute to Uzziah, and his fame extended to the border of Egypt, for he became very strong.
-
very much, extremely
State in which an event takes place with a strong intensity
ExamplesGenesis 27:34 When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried out with an exceedingly great and bitter cry, and said to his father, “Bless me, me as well, my father!”
1 Samuel 11:15 So all the people went to Gilgal, and there they made Saul king before the LORD in Gilgal. There they also offered sacrifices of peace offerings before the LORD; and there Saul and all the men of Israel rejoiced greatly.
1 Samuel 25:36 Then Abigail came to Nabal, and behold, he was having a feast in his house, like the feast of a king. And Nabal’s heart was cheerful within him, for he was very drunk; so she did not tell him anything at all until the morning light.
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until death
Literally: until death; hence: state in which a certain emotion is felt with an extreme intensity
ExamplesJonah 4:9 But God said to Jonah, “Do you have a good reason to be angry about the plant?” And he said, “I have good reason to be angry, even to the point of death!”
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joyfully
State in which a certain event is performed with joy
Examples2 Chronicles 29:30 Moreover, King Hezekiah and the officials ordered the Levites to sing praises to the LORD with the words of David and Asaph the seer. So they sang praises with joy, and bowed down and worshiped.
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plenty
State in which a group of objects is high in quantity
Examples2 Chronicles 31:10 Azariah, the chief priest of the house of Zadok, said to him, “Since the contributions started coming into the house of the LORD, we have had enough to eat with plenty left over, for the LORD has blessed His people, and this great quantity is left over.”
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either... or
Particle linking two events; relation indicating that event X and event Y are at opposite ends of a range of similar events
ExamplesGenesis 31:24 However, God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream of the night and said to him, “Be careful that you do not speak to Jacob either good or bad.”
Genesis 31:29 “It is in my power to do you harm, but the God of your father spoke to me last night, saying, ‘Be careful not to speak either good or bad to Jacob.’
2 Samuel 13:22 But Absalom did not speak with Amnon either good or bad; for Absalom hated Amnon because he had violated his sister Tamar.
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to
Particle linking an event to a participant; relation indicating that event X is focused on object Y
ExamplesNumbers 23:18 Then he took up his discourse and said, “Arise, Balak, and hear; Listen to me, son of Zippor!
Joel 2:12 “Yet even now,” declares the LORD, “Return to Me with all your heart, And with fasting, weeping, and mourning;
Amos 4:6 “But I gave you also cleanness of teeth in all your cities, And lack of bread in all your places; Yet you have not returned to Me,” declares the LORD.
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up to
Particle marking a phrase indicating that an event is taking place with a certain frequency; marker emphasizing the high frequence of an event
Examples1 Kings 22:16 Then the king said to him, “How many times must I make you swear that you will tell me nothing but the truth in the name of the LORD?”
2 Kings 4:35 Then he returned and walked in the house back and forth once, and went up and bent down on him; and the boy sneezed seven times, then the boy opened his eyes.
2 Chronicles 18:15 Then the king said to him, “How many times must I make you swear that you will tell me nothing but the truth in the name of the LORD?”
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swiftly
Particle marking a phrase indicating that an event is taking place at a relatively fast speed; marker emphasizing the relatively high speed of an event
ExamplesPsalm 147:15 He sends His command to the earth; His word runs very swiftly.
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up to
Particle marking a phrase indicating a certain quantity; marker emphasizing that the quantity expressed will not be exceeded
ExamplesEsther 5:3 Then the king said to her, “What is troubling you, Queen Esther? And what is your request? Up to half of the kingdom it shall be given to you.”
Esther 5:6 As they drank their wine at the banquet, the king said to Esther, “What is your request, for it shall be granted to you. And what is your wish? Up to half of the kingdom it shall be done.”
Esther 7:2 And the king said to Esther on the second day also as they drank their wine at the banquet, “What is your request, Queen Esther? It shall be granted you. And what is your wish? Up to half of the kingdom it shall be done.”
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not even
Literally: up to one; particle marking a phrase indicating a certain quantity; marker emphasizing that not even the quantity expressed has been reached
ExamplesExodus 9:7 And Pharaoh sent men, and they learned that, behold, not even one of the livestock of Israel was dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go.
Exodus 14:28 The waters returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen, Pharaoh’s entire army that had gone into the sea after them; not even one of them remained.
Judges 4:16 But Barak pursued the chariots and the army as far as Harosheth-hagoyim, and all the army of Sisera fell by the edge of the sword; not even one was left.
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forever, everlasting, for all times
An adverb that specifies unending time
ExamplesPsalm 83:17 May they be ashamed and dismayed forever, And may they be humiliated and perish,
Psalm 92:7 When the wicked sprouted up like grass And all who did injustice flourished, It was only that they might be destroyed forevermore.
Psalm 132:14 “This is My resting place forever; Here I will dwell, for I have desired it.
How it’s used In 1 role
This word is very common, so only how often it takes each role is shown.
- After prepositions
- 26
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 2 words
- ἕως héōs · G2193 · until, to, at last
- The Greek conjunction/preposition ἕως (héōs) serves as the standard translation equivalent for Hebrew עַד (ʿad) in expressing temporal and spatial extent ('until', 'as far as', 'up to'), with both lexemes functioning primarily to mark boundaries or limits of duration and location in their respective languages.
- μέχρι méchri · G3360 · until, to, at last
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) עַד and μέχρι (méchri, G3360) μέχρι both function as prepositions denoting extent to a terminus or limit, with μέχρι serving as the standard Greek rendering of עַד's 'as far as/until/up to' sense in spatial and temporal contexts.
Semantic domains 15 entries
- Location002002001
- עַד functions spatially as "to" or "as far as," marking the terminus of a journey or extent, illustrated at Genesis 13:3 ("he went on his journeys from the Negev as far as Bethel").
- Time002002002010
- עַד functions temporally as "until," marking a point in time reached or awaited, illustrated at Genesis 3:19 ("until you return to the ground") and Genesis 8:5 ("the water decreased steadily until the tenth month") — by far the most frequent use of this particle across its 1,262 tagged occurrences.
- Occurrence002002003
- This Louw-Nida domain code is bundle-shared across every occurrence of עַד in the source classification data alongside its dominant temporal/spatial "until, to" sense (see עַד (ʻad, H5704)'s Location and Time domains above); the particle's use to mark a point at which an occurrence is reached is not separable from its ordinary temporal/spatial function and carries no independently attested sense of its own distinct from those already illustrated.
- Description002001
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Description" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Connection002003
- This Louw-Nida domain code is bundle-shared across every occurrence of עַד in the source classification data alongside its dominant temporal/spatial "until, to" sense; the particle's connective function of joining a clause to the point or place it reaches is not a separately attested sense distinct from the Location and Time domains already illustrated for this lexeme.
- Exist002002002005
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Exist" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Great002001002012
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Great" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Intense002001003011
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Intense" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Rejoice002001002022
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Rejoice" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Quantity002001001046
- This Louw-Nida domain code is bundle-shared across every occurrence of עַד in the source classification data alongside its dominant temporal/spatial "until, to" sense; no tagged occurrence of עַד (ʻad, H5704) independently illustrates a quantity-marking use distinct from the ordinary spatial/temporal extent already illustrated for this lexeme.
- Involvement002003003
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Involvement" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Affirmers004001
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Affirmers" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Urge002003003023
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Urge" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
- Restrictors004007
- This Louw-Nida domain code is bundle-shared across every occurrence of עַד in the source classification data alongside its dominant temporal/spatial "until, to" sense; the particle's function as a boundary-marking restrictor is the same spatial/temporal-terminus function already illustrated under this lexeme's Location and Time domains, not a separately attested sense.
- Objects001
- עַד (ʻad, H5704) functions as a temporal or spatial preposition/conjunction meaning "until, as far as, up to." The quotation "Until you return to the ground, Because from it you were taken" at Genesis 3:19 shows this ordinary preposition sense, which does not independently attest the "Objects" domain; that classification is bundle-shared with עַד (ʻad, H5703), עַד (ʻad, H5705), and עַד (ʻad, H5706) in the source data and is not confirmed by this lexeme's own occurrences.
Word family 12 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H5704. ad III. עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי ( Num 24:20, Num 24:24; Psa 104:23; Psa 147:6; Job…
III. עַד, in poetry עֲדֵי ( Num 24:20, Num 24:24; Psa 104:23; Psa 147:6; Job 7:4; Job 20:5, and in עַד עֲדֵי Isa 26:4; Isa 65:18; Psa 83:18; Psa 92:8; Psa 132:12; Psa 132:14:compare עֲלֵי אֱלֵי,),
preposition as far as, even to, up to, until, while (Aramaic עד, Sabean עדי עד,, MordtmZMG xxx (1876), 27; DHMxxxvii (1883), 414, Assyrian adi Dl§ 81 a (Arabic is except); perh akin to pass on, advance to, Köii. 304, 309: עֲדֵי probably from ground-form ±¦d¦y, Ol428, 431 Köii. 309 ff.; but LagSym. ii. 101-3, Mitth. i. 231 f., as plur. like אַחֲרֵי); — with suffix עָדַי Num 23:18 +, עָדֶיךָ Mic 4:8 +, etc., עָֽדיֵכֵם Job 32:12; 2Ki 9:18 עַדהֵֿם occurs; — as far as, even to (differing from אֶל in that the limit is included, as in Arabic FlKl. Schr. i. 402 f.):
I. preposition 1. of space; —
a. Gen 11:31 חרן עד ויבאו as far as Haran, Gen 12:6; Gen 13:3, Gen 13:12 + often, Isa 8:8 יגעַ צואר עד, Isa 15:4 קולם נשׁמע יהץ עד, Isa 25:12; Isa 26:5; Psa 36:6 שׁחקים עד אמונתך, Psa 69:2 נפשׁ עד מים דאו (compare Jon 2:6; Mic 1:9; Jer 4:10, Jer 4:18), Jer 90:3דַּכָּא עַד אֱנוֺשׁ תָּשֵׁד Job 11:7, etc.; pregnantly Psa 118:27 וגו עַד חָג ׳אִסְדוּ bind . . . (and lead) up to . . .; Isa 57:9 מֵרָחוק עַד even to afar (מִן
1c); with the goal a person, Exo 22:8 שְׁנֵיהֶם דְבַר יָבאֹ האלהים עד, 1Sa 9:9; Psa 65:3 יָבאֹוּ כָלבָּֿשָׂר עָדֶיךָ Isa 45:24; Job 4:5, י עַד ׳שׁוּב Hos 14:2 al. (see שׁוּב, stronger than אֶליֿ ׳שׁוּב); in poetry Num 24:20 אֹבֵד עֲדֵי וְאַחֲדִיתוֺ shall be even unto destruction, shall issue in destruction, Num 24:24; rarely with verbs of attending, עַד הֶאֱזִין Num 23:18, עַד הִתְבּוֺנֵן Job 32:12; Job 38:18 (usually אֶל). Before another perp., 1Sa 7:11 ל מִתַּחַת ׳עַד 1Ki 4:12 מֵעַל עַד ל, מֵעֵבֶר ׳עַד Eze 41:20, לִפְנֵי עַד Est 4:2, and even (si vera. l.) אְלֵיהֶם עַד 2Ki 9:20:compare נֶגֶד עַד Neh 3:16, Neh 3:26, נֹכַח עַד Jdg 19:10 +.
b. In the combination (וְ)עַד ֗֗֗ מִן, as Gen 10:19 עַזָּה עַד ֗֗֗ מצידון from Sidon . . . as far as Gaza + often (see מן
5a); and idiomatic, not of actual space, but of class of objects, to express the idea of both... and, as Gen 19:4 זָקִן וְעַד מִנַּעַר from young to old (inclusively) = both young and old (see מִן
5b); without מִן, even to = including, Lev 11:42; Num 8:4 even to (i. e. including) it base and its flower, compare 1Sa 18:4.
2 Of time:
a. (a) even to, until Gen 8:5 even to the 10th month, Exo 12:6 unto the 14th day, etc., Exo 12:15; Exo 12:18, etc.; היום עד unto this day, Gen 19:37-38, הזה היום עד Gen 26:33; Genesis 32:33, both + often; יום עד followed by infinitive Exo 40:37; Jos 6:10; Jdg 18:30; בקר עד till morning, Exo 12:10 + (15 t.), הבקר עד Exo 16:23 + (11 t.); so (ה)ערב עד Exo 18:13-14, +, in poetry ערב עֲרֵי Psa 104:23; עוֺלָם עַד Gen 13:15 + often; מְּעָמִים שֶׁבַע עַד 2Ki 4:35; וָדוֺר דּוֺר עַד Isa 13:20; see also בְּלִי, and בִּלְתִּי, near the end and followed by another preposition, Lev 23:16 הַשַּׁבָּת מִמָּחֳרַת עַד, Neh 13:9 הַשַּׁבָּת אַחַר עַד. With the force of against, Jdg 6:31 הַבֹּקֶר עַד יוּמַת; compare (b) end. (b) followed by infinitive, both of past time, as Gen 8:7; Genesis 32:35 הַשַּׁחַר עֲלוֺת עַד, Gen 33:3; Gen 34:5, and especially future time, as Gen 3:19 שׁוּבְךָ עַד until thy returning, Gen 19:22; Gen 27:45; Deu 7:20, Deu 7:23; Deu 20:20; Deu 22:2; Deu 28:20, Deu 28:22, — both + often; compare בּוֺשׁ עַד Jdg 3:25 +; ֗֗֗ תֹּם עַד Lev 25:29 Lev 25:10t.; תֻּמָּם עַד Deu 2:15 +; כַּלֵּה עַד 2Ki 13:17, 2Ki 13:19; Eze 19:14; כַּלּוֺתָ(םׅ עַד 1Sa 15:18; Jer 9:15 +; הַבֹּקֶר אוֺר עַד Jdg 16:2 +; also in אֹתָם הִשְׁמִדְךָ עַד Deu 7:24 (compare Deu 28:48; Jos 11:14; 1Ki 15:29; 2Ki 3:25; 2Ki 10:17; 2Ki 24:20 [|| Jer 52:3 הִשְׁלִיכוֺ]; on the anomalous ׳הִ, see Dr, read probably ׳הַ); and most probably compare Köiii. 583) in שָׂרִיד (לָהֶם) לוֺ הִשְׁאִיר בִּלְתִּי עַד Deu 3:3 (see Dr), + 5 t. (see above), read probably הַשְׁאִיר. With the force of towards the end of, against, especially in בֹּאָ(םׅ עַד, Gen 43:25; Exo 22:25; Num 10:21 בֹּאָם עַד המשׁכן את והקימו used to set up the tabernacle against their coming, 2Ki 16:11; Eze 33:22; compare 2Sa 17:22. Elliptical Jdg 16:2 וַהֲרַגְנוּהוּ הַבֹּקֶד אוֺד עַד (wait) till the morning dawn, and we slay him! (GFM; Dr§ 115). (c) with various adverbs of time. (q. v.) as עַתָּה עַד כֵּן, עַד כֹּה, עַד הֵנָּה, עַד מָתַי, עַד עַדמָֿה, אָנָה, עַד, compare פְעָמִים כַּמֶּה עַד (see מָה
4b). (d) to suffest also degree (compare
3), מָקוֺם אֵין עַד until there is no place Isa 5:8, מִסְמָּר אֵין עַד Psa 40:13; Job 5:9; Job 9:10; compare Lev 26:18 וְאִםעַֿדאֵֿלֶּה and if even up to these things, even the end of all these punishment, you do not hearken to me.
b. During (rare; prop, as far as the limit indicated, including the time previous, compare ἔως: so often Aramaic עַד, , while), 2Ki 9:22 what is peace אִיזֶבֶל זְנוּנֵי עַד during, etc.,? Job 20:5 רָ֑גַע עֲדֵי during a moment; followed by infinitive Jdg 3:26 הִתְמַהְמְהָם עַד during their delaying, Exo 33:22; Job 7:19 רֻקִּי בִּלְעִי עַד Jon 4:2.
3 Of degree, to suggest a higher or the highest; as מְאֹד עַד even to muchness, i.e. exceedingly (see מְאֹד), מְהֵרָה עַד even to haste Psa 147:15; Est 5:6 וְתֵעָשׂ הַמַּלְכוּת עַדחֲֿצִי וּמַהבֻּֿקָּשָׁתֵךְ, Est 5:3; Est 7:2. See also לְ עַד, below. With a negative, to express not even as much as, Deu 2:5 רָ֑גֶל כַּף מִדְרַךְ עַד מארצם לכם אתן לא, and with אֶחָד, Exo 9:7 עַדאֶֿחָד ֗֗֗ מֵת לֹא, simil. Exo 14:28; Jdg 4:16; 2Sa 17:22 (read אֶחָד for ׃אַחַד see Dr). Sts. almost = Latin adeo, 1Sa 2:5 (si vera lectio) שׁבעה ילדה עֲקָרָה עַד even to the barren, she hath borne seven, i.e. even the barren hath, etc., Job 25:5 יאהיל ולא עדיָֿרֵחַ הן, Hag 2:19. In comparisons, to the degree of, even like (rare), Nah 1:10 סְבֻכִים סִירִים עַד (text dubious) entangled even like thorns, 1Ch 4:27 יהודה בני עד הִרְבּוּ לא did not multiply to the degree of (i.e.like), etc. compare. 2Sa 23:19 בָא לֹא הַשְּׁלשָׁה עַד did not attain (in prowess) unto the three.
II. conjunction 1. until; —
a אֲשֶׁר עַד until that: (a) with perfect, of past time, Exo 32:20 דָּק אשׁר עד ויטחן (Deu 9:21), Deu 2:14 עָבַרְנוּ אשׁר עד, Jos 3:17; Jos 8:26; Jdg 4:24; 1Ki 10:7 (2Ch 9:6), 2Ki 17:20, 2Ki 17:23; 2Ki 21:16; with suggestion of degree, 1Sa 30:4 (followed byאֵין), 1Ki 17:17; rarely of future time (the 'future perfect,' Dr§ 17), 2Sa 17:13 (of degree), Eze 34:21 So -שֶׁ עַד (often in Late Hebrew; see שֶׁ) Jdg 5:7; Son 3:4 (twice in verse); כִּי עַד Gen 26:13 מְאֹד כִּיגָֿדַל עַד, Gen 41:49; 2Sa 23:10; 2Ch 26:15; and (of future time) אִם אֲשֶׁר עַד Gen 28:15; Num 32:17; Isa 6:11. (b) with imperfect, usually of future time, Gen 27:44 אָחִיךָ חֲמַר תָּשׁוּב אֲשֶׁר עַד, Gen 29:8; Exo 23:30; Exo 24:14; Lev 22:4; Num 11:20; Num 20:17; 1Sa 22:3; Hos 5:15 +; rarely of past time, Jon 4:5 יראה אשׁר עד till he should see, Ecc 2:3. So (of the future) -שֶׁ עַד Son 2:7, Son 2:17; Son 3:5; Son 4:6; Son 8:4; Psa 123:2; and כִּי עַד Gen 49:10 שִׁילֹה כִּייָֿבאֹ עַד.
b. עַד alone, until: (a) with perfect, of past time, Jos 2:22; Jos 4:23 עַדעָֿבַרְנוּ, 1Sa 20:41 הִגְדִּיל דָּוִד עַד, 2Sa 21:10; 1Ki 11:16; Eze 28:15; of the future (rare), 2Ki 7:3 מָ֑תְנוּ עַד, Eze 39:15; Dan 11:36 זָ֑עַם כָּלָה עַד. So סִם עַד (of the future), Gen 24:19, Gen 24:33; Isa 30:17; Rth 2:21. (b) with imperfect, of future time, 1Sa 1:22 (elliptic: compare Jdg 16:2,
12a (b) end), Isa 22:14; Isa 26:20; Isa 32:15; Isa 62:1, Isa 62:7; Psa 57:2; Psa 71:18; Job 27:5 +; of the past (rare), Exo 15:16 עמך יעבור עד, Exo 15:16; Jos 10:13 (poetry) אוֺיְבָיו גּוֺי יִקֹּם עַד, Psa 73:17. — N.B. In poetry, עַד is sometimes used to mark not an absolute close, but an epoch or turning-point, in the future, as Psa 110:1 (see De) לְרַגְלֶיךָ הֲדֹם אֹיְבֶיךָ אָשִׁית עַד, Hos 10:12; Job 14:6 (but see
3); after a negative clause, Gen 49:10; Num 23:24; Isa 42:4; Psa 71:18; Psa 112:8; Job 8:21 (but read probably with Ew Hi Di Du al. עֹד he will yet, etc., understanding Job 8:20 as present, not future).
2 While (rare: compare 12 b): —
a. with perfect, 1Sa 14:19 שׁאול דִּבֶּר עד while Saul spake.
b. with imperfect, Psa 141:10 אֶעֱבֹר עַד אָנֹכִי יַחד while I at the same time pass by.
c. with participle, Job 1:18 מְדַבֵּר זֶה עַד (but read probably עֹד, as Job 1:16; Job 1:17), Neh 7:3.
d. -שֶׁ עַד (without verb) Son 1:12. So לֹא עַד while not = ere yet (of past time) Pro 8:26 אדץ עשׂה לא עד (so לָא עַד, , often, e.g. Gen 24:15 ᵑ7, Mat 1:18); and לא אשׁר עד (of the future) Ecc 12:1-2, Ecc 12:6 (compare Talmud דְּלָא עַד, Mishna עַד שֶׁלּאֹ).
3 Of degree, to the point that, so that even (rare), Isa 47:7 Thou saidst, I shall be for ever a lady, לִבֵךְ עַל אֵלֶּה שַׂמְתְּ לֹא עַד to the point that (going so far in thy pride that) thou didst not, etc. (but Hi Che Du al. join עַד גְּבֶרֶת I shall be for ever, a lady perpetually; see I. עַד); Job 14:6 (Di De Bu Du) to the point that he may enjoy, etc., Isa 22:14 (Du). In Jos 17:14 י ֵבּרְכַנִי כֹּה ׳עַד אֲשֶׁר עַד, read אֲשֶׁר עַל because that (Ges Buhl; compare Di).
III. לְ עַד, a strengthened form for עַד, found chiefly in Chronicles, Ezra, and occurring in most of the above senses. Thus
1 of space: עַד חֲמָת לְבוֺא Jos 13:5; Jdg 3:3; 1Ch 13:5, ל ׳עד מִדְבָּ֫רָה 1Ch 5:9, ל ׳עד מצרים2Ch 16:8; הַגָּ֑יְא לְמִזְרַהּ עַד 1Ch 4:39, לַמְצָד עַד 1Ch 12:17; לִגְרָר עַד2Ch 14:12; לַשָּׁמַיִם עַד2Ch 28:9; Ezr 9:6.
2 Of time: לעולם עד 1Ch 23:25; 1Ch 28:7; עַד לְמֵרָחוֺק2Ch 26:15; Ezr 3:13; Ezr 9:4 הערב למנחת עד; הַזֶּה לַדָּבָר עַד Ezr 10:14 probably during (KeilGes Be with regard to, strengthened for לְ); followed by infinitive הַמִּנְחָה לַעֲלוֺת עַד 1Ki 18:29; לִכְלוֺת עַד 1Ch 28:20; 2Ch 29:28; לְכַלֵּה עַד2Ch 24:10; 2Ch 31:1; להשׁחית עד2Ch 26:16; לָמוּת עַד2Ch 32:24 (|| 2Ki 20:1 לָמוּת alone); Ezr 10:14 להשׁיב עד.
3 Of degree: גָדוֺל לְמַחֲנֶה עַד even unto (till there was) a great camp, 1Ch 12:23; לְמַ֫עְלָה עַד = exceedingly2Ch 16:12; 2Ch 17:12; 2Ch 26:8; לִמְאֹד עַד2Ch 16:14; לְשִׂמְחָה עַד2Ch 29:30 לָרֹב עַד2Chron 31:30; מַרְמֵּא לְאֵין עַד2Ch 36:16.
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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