Word
חַטָּאָה
chaṭṭâʼâh · H2403 · Hebrew · 293 occurrences
Meanings
-
Sin; a moral offense or wrongdoing
ExamplesGenesis 4:7 "If you do well, will your face not be cheerful? And if you do not do well, sin is lurking at the door; and its desire is for you, but you must master it."
1 Kings 15:3 He walked in all the sins of his father which he had committed before him; and his heart was not wholly devoted to the LORD his God, like the heart of his father David.
Deuteronomy 19:15 "A single witness shall not rise up against a person regarding any wrongdoing or any sin that he commits; on the testimony of two or three witnesses a matter shall be confirmed.
-
Sin offering; the specific sacrifice offered for atonement of sin
ExamplesExodus 29:14 "But the flesh of the bull and its hide and its refuse, you shall burn with fire outside the camp; it is a sin offering.
Leviticus 4:3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then he is to offer to the LORD a bull without defect as a sin offering for his sin which he has committed.
Leviticus 4:24 'And he shall lay his hand on the head of the male goat and slaughter it in the place where they slaughter the burnt offering before the LORD; it is a sin offering.
How it’s used In 10 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Whose, or of whatGenitive or possessive
162 occurrences in 32 groups
- הוּhis 33
- הֶםtheir 30
- יmy 18
- כֶםyour 14
- יָרׇבְעָםJeroboam 13
- ךָyour 8
- Other words · 22 groups that occur once or twice (26) 26
Words describing itAdjectives, demonstratives, participles
55 occurrences in 9 groups
- חָטָאto sin 43
- עָשָׂהto do, to make 7
- וֹhim 4
- Other words · 6 groups that occur once or twice (7) 7
Named alongside itApposition
3 occurrences in 3 groups
- בָּמָהhigh place, heights 1
- עֵגֶלmale calf 1
- פַּרbull 1
What it doesIt is the subject
20 occurrences in 16 groups
- יָדַעto know 3
- Other words · 15 groups that occur once or twice (17) 17
What is done to itIt is the object
47 occurrences in 25 groups
- עָשָׂהto do, to make 5
- נָשָׂאto lift up, to carry, to bear 4
- פָּקַדto number, to punish 4
- הָיָהto be, to become 3
- יָדָהto give thanks, to praise, to confess 3
- אָכַלto eat, to devour 3
- Other words · 17 groups that occur once or twice (19) 19
Second object ofSecond object
5 occurrences in 2 groups
- עָשָׂהto do, to make 3
- יָדַעto know 2
What it is said to bePredicate
10 occurrences in 7 groups
- מָהwhat?, why? 3
- נִיme 2
- דָּבָרword, thing, matter 1
- חֵסֵדsteadfast love, kindness, loyalty 1
- לֹאnot 1
- עָצוּםnumerous 1
What is said to be itIt is the predicate
26 occurrences in 9 groups
- שָׂעִירmale goat, goat 13
- הוּאhe, she, it 7
- Other words · 7 groups that occur once or twice (7) 7
After prepositionsPrepositional phrases
135 occurrences in 7 groups
- לto/for 85
- מִןfrom 47
- עַלon, upon, over, against 40
- בin/on/with 33
- כlike/as 6
- אֵלto, toward 3
In phrases “… of it”It is the genitive
45 occurrences in 19 groups
- שָׂעִירmale goat, goat 12
- פַּרbull 11
- דָּםblood 5
- Other words · 16 groups that occur once or twice (17) 17
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Near synonyms 2 words
- טֹהַר ṭôhar · H2892 · clear, purification
- חַטָּאָה (chaṭṭâʼâh, H2403) is primarily a sin/sacrifice term that includes purification as one aspect within a broader semantic range (sin, punishment, sin-offering), while טֹהַר (ṭôhar, H2892) (only 4 occurrences) appears to be primarily about purity/cleanness itself. The overlap is real but narrow—both can denote purification contexts—but they are not full synonyms substitutable across their ranges. This is a qualified, modest overlap rather than broad synonymy.
- טׇהֳרָה ṭohŏrâh · H2893 · cleansing, purification
- Both lexemes genuinely overlap in the semantic space of ritual purification/cleansing. חַטָּאָה (chaṭṭâʼâh, H2403) is broader (sin, punishment, sin-offering, plus purification) while טׇהֳרָה (ṭohŏrâh, H2893) is focused specifically on the cleansing/purification concept itself. They are distinct Hebrew words that share a functional overlap in contexts of ritual purity, making them legitimate near-synonyms in that narrow zone. The "Clean" domain (size 7) is appropriately focused, not generic.
In the other Testament 3 words
- ἁμαρτία hamartía · G266 · to sin, to engage in wrongdoing, sin
- Greek ἁμαρτία renders Hebrew חַטָּאָה across its semantic range (sin as abstract concept, sin offering, purification), serving as the standard LXX equivalent for both the moral concept and its cultic instantiations.
- ἁμάρτημα hamártēma · G265 · sin, wrongdoing
- Greek ἁμάρτημα (hamartēma) emphasizes the concrete act of sin as a discrete deed or offense, while Hebrew חַטָּאָה (ḥaṭṭāʾâ) covers a broader semantic range including the act of sin, its consequences (punishment), and the ritual means of addressing it (sin offering, purification); both denote sin but ἁμάρτημα is narrower in scope, focusing specifically on the sinful act itself.
- ἁγνισμός hagnismós · G49 · to purify, purification
- ἁγνισμός (hagnismós, G49) ἁγνισμός denotes the ceremonial act of purification/cleansing itself, while חַטָּאָה (chaṭṭâʼâh, H2403) חַטָּאָה encompasses the broader semantic range of sin, sin offering, and purification from sin; the two overlap specifically in contexts where the purification ritual addresses sin-contamination.
Semantic domains 4 entries
- Sin002003003018
- The noun is the most common Old Testament word for sin itself, the wrongdoing "lurking at the door" that Cain must master (Genesis 4:7), and the sin of Sodom whose outcry is exceedingly great (Genesis 18:20).
- Sacrifice002003002021
- חַטָּאת denotes sin in its ordinary moral sense throughout most of its many occurrences (Genesis 4:7, 18:20, 31:36, 50:17), and, in its specialized cultic usage, the sin offering brought to atone for sin, a genuine sacrificial sense distinct from its broader moral meaning.
- Chastise002003002005
- The noun can also denote the punishment that sin brings, the consequence inflicted for wrongdoing rather than the wrongdoing itself.
- Clean002001001011
- In its "purification" sense the noun names the ritual cleansing that removes the defilement of sin, restoring a person or object to a clean state.
Word family 8 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
חָטָא châṭâʼ · H2398 · to withdraw, to draw back, to fail · 237×חַטָּאָהchaṭṭâʼâh · H2403חֵטְא chêṭᵉʼ · H2399 · guilt, sin · 33×חַטָּא chaṭṭâʼ · H2400 · guilty of, to blame for, sinful · 19×חֲטָאָה chăṭâʼâh · H2401 · guilt, sin offering · 8×חַטָּאָה chaṭṭâʼâh · H2402 · sin · 2×חֲטִי chăṭîy · H2408 · sin · 1×חֲטָּיָא chăṭṭâyâʼ · H2409 · sin, sin-offering · 1×
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H2403. chatta 'ah חַטָּאת noun feminine1Sa 14:38 (Gen 4:7 no exception for רֹבֵץ is noun…
H2403. chatta
'ah חַטָּאת noun feminine1Sa 14:38 (Gen 4:7 no exception for רֹבֵץ is noun = crouching beast) sin, sin-offering, ׳ח Gen 4:7 124t.; לְחַטָּ֯ת Num 15:24 (text error for. לחטאת), לְחַטַּאת Zec 13:1 (but read לְחַטָּאת StaZAW i. 35); construct חַטַּאת Exo 30:10 Exo 30:19t.; suffix חַטָּאתִי Gen 31:36 Gen 31:16t.; חַטָּאתֹיו֯ 1Ki 16:26, חַטַּאתְכֶם Exo 32:30 Exo 32:3t.; etc., + 52 t. suffix; plural חַטָּאוֺת 2Ki 12:17 2Ki 12:3t.; construct חַטּאֹות Psa 25:7 Psa 25:17t.; חַטּאֹת Num 5:6 Num 5:6t.; suffix חַטּאֹותָ֑י Psa 25:18; חַטּאֹתָו֯ Eze 18:21; Eze 33:16, etc., + 40 t. suffix; —
1 sin:
a. against man Gen 31:36; Gen 50:17 (E), Num 12:11 (J) 1Sa 20:1; ׳ח אדם sins against man Num 5:6 (P). Elsewhere
b. against God Lev 4:14, Lev 4:23, Lev 4:28 (P), 1Sa 2:17; 1Sa 14:38; 1Ki 16:13 (twice in verse); 2Ki 21:16; 2Ki 21:17; 2Ch 33:19; Isa 3:9; Isa 30:1; Isa 58:1; Isa 59:2; Isa 59:12; Isa 16:10; Isaiah 16:18; Isa 30:14; Isa 30:15; Isaiah 50:20; Lam 4:6, Lam 4:22; Eze 16:51; Eze 18:14; Eze 21:29; Eze 33:10, Eze 33:16; Amo 5:12 (We Kl. Proph. reads חטאיכם), as Isa 1:18 — see חֵטא — on accusative of masculine עצומים), Mic 1:13; Mic 3:8; Psa 32:5; Psa 51:5; Psa 59:4; Pro 5:22; Pro 13:6; Pro 14:34; Pro 21:4; Pro 24:9; Job 13:23; Job 14:23; Dan 9:20 (twice in verse); ׳ח נעורי sins of my youth Psa 25:7; ח בטני ׳פרי נפשׁי Mic 6:7 fruit of my body (my child as an offering) for the sin of myself; sin of divination 1Sa 15:23; of the mouth Psa 59:13; ׳ח יאכלו עמי Hos 4:8 the sin of my people they eat (gain their daily food by means of it, compare We; ᵑ7 Hi Or and others sin-offering, but this not elsewhere in early prophets, and || עָוֺן against it, see WeProl. 3. 76); רבץ חטאת לפתח Gen 4:7 (J) at the door (of Cain) sin is a crouching beast; sin of the people is embodied in the golden calf Deu 9:21; and the high places of Beath Aven Hos 10:8; with בְּ on the ground of sin Neh 9:37; for sin Mic 1:5; 2Ki 24:3; Isa 40:2; Jer 15:13; Jer 17:3; Eze 16:52; with or by sin 1Ki 14:22; 1Ki 16:2; Isa 43:24; בח ׳הלך walk in sin 1Ki 15:3, 1Ki 15:26, 1Ki 15:34; 1Ki 16:19, 1Ki 16:26, 1Ki 16:31; 2Ki 17:22; בח ׳דבק cleave unto sin 2Ki 3:3; with עַל on account of sin Deu 9:18; 1Ki 15:30; 1Ki 16:19; Mic 6:13; for sin Lev 4:3, Lev 4:28, Lev 4:35; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:13 (P) Lev 19:22; Lev 26:18, Lev 26:24, Lev 26:28 (H); ח על ׳יסף add unto sin 1Sa 12:19; 2Ch 28:13; Isa 30:1; Job 34:37; with כְּ according to sin Lev 26:21; with לְ to or for sin Lev 16:16, Lev 16:21; Deu 19:15; 1Ki 12:30; 1Ki 13:34; Pro 10:16; Zec 13:1; with מִן because of sin Lev 4:26; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:10; Lev 16:34 (P), Lev 19:22 (H), Lam 4:13; more than sin Job 35:3; מֵחַטָּאתִי טָהַרְתִּי I am clean from my sin Pro 20:9; ח ׳מגני because of sin Psa 38:4; ח ׳בגלל because of sin 1Ki 14:16; ח ׳אחר הלך walk after sin 2Ki 13:2.
c. men should return from sin מִן שׁוּב 1Ki 8:35 2Ch 6:26; Eze 18:21; Eze 33:14; depart from it מֵעַל סוּר 2Ki 10:31; 2Ki 15:18; מן סוּר 2Ki 13:6, 2Ki 13:11; 2Ki 14:24; 2Ki 15:9, 2Ki 15:24, 2Ki 15:28; be concerned about מן דאג Psa 38:19; confess ח ׳הִתְוַדָּה Num 5:7 (P); ה על ׳התודה Neh 1:6; Neh 9:2.
d. God deals with sin: (1) he visits punishment upon it (על) פקד Exo 32:34 (JE) Hos 8:13; Hos 9:9; Jer 14:10; inquires after it ל דרשׁ Job 10:6; watches over it על שׁמר Job 14:16; hoards it up Hos 13:12; -2by forgiveness: ה ׳נשׂא Exo 10:17; Exo 32:32 (JE), 1Sa 15:25; ח עון ׳נשׂא Psa 32:5; לח ׳נשׂא Jos 24:19 (E), Psa 25:18; pardon לח ׳סלח Exo 34:9 (JE) 1Ki 8:34, 1Ki 8:36; 2Ch 6:25, 2Ch 6:27; 2Ch 7:14; Jer 36:3; removal הסר Isa 27:9; העביר 2Sa 12:13; casting into the depths of the sea Mic 7:19; -3by covering over, making atonement for תְּכֻמָּ֑ר חַטָּֽאתְךָ Isa 6:7 thy sin shall be covered over; actively, ח עַל ׳כמּר Psa 79:9; ח ׳כסּה Psa 85:3 (compare חֲטָאָה כְּסוּי Psa 32:1); ח ׳לְהָתֵם (Qr) make an end of sins Dan 9:24; -4by blotting out ח ׳מחה Isa 44:22; Jer 18:23; Psa 109:14; Nehemiah 3:37; cleanse from sin מח ׳טַהֲרֵנִי Psa 51:4; לח ׳מקוֺר a fountain for sin Zec 13:1; -5by not remembering it ח זכר ׳לא Isa 43:25; ׳לח זכר לא Jer 31:34; אֶלחַֿטָאתוֺ אַלתֵּֿפֶן Deu 9:27 look not unto his sin.
e. atonement may be secured for, ח בעד ׳כמּר Exo 32:30 (J E; Moses, by his intercession).
f. according to P (H) the priest is to make atonement for a person (על כמּר) by sin-offering or trespass-offering; ׳מח because of sin Lev 4:26; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:10; Lev 16:34; ח ׳על Lev 4:35; Lev 5:13 (all P), Lev 19:22 (H; see Wecompare, 59 = JBTh xxii, 427), so that the man is clean from sin מח ׳טהר Lev 16:30.
2 condition of sin, guilt of sin Gen 18:20; Num 16:26; Num 32:23 (J), Eze 3:20; Eze 18:24, מִוְבְּחוֺתֵיכֶם וּלְקַרְנוֺת ׳ח לִבָּם עַללֿוּחַ חֲרוּשָׁה יְהוּדָה the sin (guilt) of Judah is graven upon the table of their hear, and upon the horns of your altars Jer 17:1.
3 punishment for sin: ח תִּהְיֶה ׳זֹאת וח ׳מִצְרָ֑יִם כָלהַֿגּוֺיִם Zec 14:19 this will be the punishment for sin of Egypt and the punishment for sin of all nations (the plague with which Yahweh will smite them).
4 sin-offering: one of the kinds of offerings of P, Lev 7:37; first in the history 2Ki 12:17 (reign of Jehoash), where חטּאת of money given to priests; elsewhere only in Chronicles: 2Ch 29:21, 2Ch 29:23, 2Ch 29:24 Hezekiah had made a ׳ח of 7 עִזִּים צְפִירֵי at purification of temple; Ezr 8:35; Ezr 8:12׳ח צְפִירֵי were offered; Neh 10:34 ׳ח || עולות; — in these no evidence of special ritual. Sin-offering elsewhere only in codes of H Ezekiel and P. — On Hos 4:8 see
1 above In H, Lev 23:19 a עזים שׂעיר, for feast of weeks. In Ezekiel ׳ח in General || other sacrifices, Eze 40:39; Eze 45:17, Eze 45:25; Eze 46:20; and priests eat them Eze 42:13; Eze 44:29. At dedication of altar, the blood of a young bullock was to be applied to horns of altar, the corners of its settle and its border, the bullock itself burnt without the sanctuary; for each of the 7 days following a עזים שׂעיר was to be offered Eze 43:19, Eze 43:21, Eze 43:22, Eze 43:25. On first day of first month a young bullock was to offered to cleanse the sanctuary: its blood put on the door posts of the house and of the gate of the inner court an on the four corners of the settle of the altar; also on the seventh day (ᵐ5 first day of seventh month) Eze 45:17, Eze 45:19 (compare Eze 45:18; Eze 45:20). On 14th day of first month the prince was to offer a bullock for himself and the people and on each of the 7 days of the Passover week a עזים שׂעיר Eze 45:22-23,. When a priest entered the sanctuary to minister after his cleaning he was to offer his sin-offering Eze 44:27. P gives several grades:
a. a ruler should offer a he-goat Lev 4:24-25, Num 7:16, Num 7:22, Num 7:28, Num 7:34, Num 7:40, Num 7:46, Num 7:52, Num 7:58, Num 7:64, Num 7:70, 76, 82, 87; an ordinary person a she-goat Lev 4:29 (compare Lev 4:28) Lev 5:6; Num 15:27, ewe lamb Lev 4:32-33, (twice in verse); Lev 4:34; Lev 14:19; Num 6:14, Num 6:16, a turtle dove or young pigeon Lev 5:7-8, Lev 5:9 (twice in verse); Lev 12:6, Lev 12:8; Lev 14:22, Lev 14:31; Lev 15:15, Lev 15:30; Num 6:11, or one-tenth of an ephah of fine flour Lev 5:11 (twice in verse); Lev 5:12; according to ability of the person, and nature of offence. The victim was brought unto the tent of meeting, the hands of the offerer laid on its head, it was slaughtered by the offerer, the priest took some of the blood and put it on horns of altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the blood he poured out at the base of it, to cover over the sin, or cleanse the altar from the sin defiling it. All the fat pieces (compare Lev 4:22, Lev 4:35) and a handful of the flour (compare Lev 5:12) were burned on altar. The rest of the flesh and the flour were eaten by priests in court of Holy place Lev 5:13; Lev 6:10; Lev 6:18 (twice in verse); Lev 6:23 (compare Lev 6:11; Lev 6:19), Lev 7:7; Lev 10:16-17, Lev 10:19 (twice in verse); Lev 14:13; Num 18:9.
b. a bullock was offered for priests Exo 29:14, Exo 29:36; Lev 4:3, Lev 4:8, Lev 4:20; Lev 8:2, Lev 8:14 (twice in verse); Lev 9:2, Lev 9:7, Lev 9:8, Lev 9:10; for Levites at their installation Num 8:8, Num 8:12 and for whole congregation Lev 4:14, Lev 4:21; but usually offering for congregation was he-goat Num 15:24-25, especially at dedication of altar Lev 9:3, Lev 9:15, Lev 9:22. and in ritual of feasts Num 28:15, Num 28:22, Num 28:30; Num 29:5, Num 29:11, Num 29:16, Num 29:19, Num 29:22, Num 29:25, Num 29:28, Num 29:31, Num 29:34, Num 29:38. Before consecration of the tabernacle the blood went to altar of burnt-offering (Lev 9:9), but subsequently some of it was sprinkled seven times before the vail and some of it put on horns of altar of incense to cleanse this higher altar; the fast pieces were burned on altar of burnt-offering, and the rest of the victim burned without the camp (Lev 4:3-21; Lev 6:23; Lev 8:16-17, Lev 9:10-11,).
c. on day of atonement, sin-offering for high priest was a bullock Lev 16:3, Lev 16:6; and for congregation two he-goats, one לַעֲזָאזֵל (see עזאזל) Lev 16:5 (compare Lev 16:8; Lev 16:10; Lev 16:20; Lev 16:22), the other for sacrifice ליהוה Lev 16:9 (compare Lev 16:8). Some of the blood of Aaron's bullock was first taken into innermost sanctuary and sprinkled on the כפרת and seven times before it; so also blood of the he-goat Lev 16:11 (twice in verse); Lev 16:15 (compare Lev 16:12-14; Lev 16:16; Lev 16:17) to cleanse highest altar: then the blood of the two victims was applied to lower altars as in a and b and so sin was covered over at the three altars Exo 30:10 (compare Lev 16:16-19). The fat pieces went to altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the victims was burnt without the camp Lev 16:25, Lev 16:27 (twice in verse). (Sins which might be covered over were limited to those committed בשׁגגה Lev 4:2, Lev 4:22, Lev 4:27; Num 15:27, לשׁגגה Num 15:24, minor offences Lev 5:1-6; and ceremonial uncleanness Lev 12:6, Lev 12:8; Lev 14:13; Lev 15:15; Num 6:11, Num 6:14.) — Pharses for sacrificing are: ח ׳עשׂה Lev 9:7, Lev 9:22; Lev 14:19; Num 6:16; Eze 45:17, ח ׳הקריב Lev 10:19; Eze 44:27, ח ׳שׁחט Lev 14:13; Eze 40:39.
5 purification from sins of ceremonial uncleanness, all P: ׳מֵ ׳ח Num 8:7 water of purification from sin; ח נִדָּה ׳מֵי הוּא water of (cleansing from) impurity, it is a purification from sin Num 19:9; הח שְׂרֵפַת ׳עֲפַר Num 19:17 ashes of the burning of the purification from sin (RV renders sin-offering; but there was no offering made, only water of purification was used).
חַטָּיָא noun feminine sin-offering (Biblical Hebrew חַטָּאת
4; Nabataean חטיאת penalty, according to SAC51); — absolute ׳ת Ezr 6:17 Kt, Qr הַטָּאָה.
'ah חַטָּאת noun feminine1Sa 14:38 (Gen 4:7 no exception for רֹבֵץ is noun = crouching beast) sin, sin-offering, ׳ח Gen 4:7 124t.; לְחַטָּ֯ת Num 15:24 (text error for. לחטאת), לְחַטַּאת Zec 13:1 (but read לְחַטָּאת StaZAW i. 35); construct חַטַּאת Exo 30:10 Exo 30:19t.; suffix חַטָּאתִי Gen 31:36 Gen 31:16t.; חַטָּאתֹיו֯ 1Ki 16:26, חַטַּאתְכֶם Exo 32:30 Exo 32:3t.; etc., + 52 t. suffix; plural חַטָּאוֺת 2Ki 12:17 2Ki 12:3t.; construct חַטּאֹות Psa 25:7 Psa 25:17t.; חַטּאֹת Num 5:6 Num 5:6t.; suffix חַטּאֹותָ֑י Psa 25:18; חַטּאֹתָו֯ Eze 18:21; Eze 33:16, etc., + 40 t. suffix; —
1 sin:
a. against man Gen 31:36; Gen 50:17 (E), Num 12:11 (J) 1Sa 20:1; ׳ח אדם sins against man Num 5:6 (P). Elsewhere
b. against God Lev 4:14, Lev 4:23, Lev 4:28 (P), 1Sa 2:17; 1Sa 14:38; 1Ki 16:13 (twice in verse); 2Ki 21:16; 2Ki 21:17; 2Ch 33:19; Isa 3:9; Isa 30:1; Isa 58:1; Isa 59:2; Isa 59:12; Isa 16:10; Isaiah 16:18; Isa 30:14; Isa 30:15; Isaiah 50:20; Lam 4:6, Lam 4:22; Eze 16:51; Eze 18:14; Eze 21:29; Eze 33:10, Eze 33:16; Amo 5:12 (We Kl. Proph. reads חטאיכם), as Isa 1:18 — see חֵטא — on accusative of masculine עצומים), Mic 1:13; Mic 3:8; Psa 32:5; Psa 51:5; Psa 59:4; Pro 5:22; Pro 13:6; Pro 14:34; Pro 21:4; Pro 24:9; Job 13:23; Job 14:23; Dan 9:20 (twice in verse); ׳ח נעורי sins of my youth Psa 25:7; ח בטני ׳פרי נפשׁי Mic 6:7 fruit of my body (my child as an offering) for the sin of myself; sin of divination 1Sa 15:23; of the mouth Psa 59:13; ׳ח יאכלו עמי Hos 4:8 the sin of my people they eat (gain their daily food by means of it, compare We; ᵑ7 Hi Or and others sin-offering, but this not elsewhere in early prophets, and || עָוֺן against it, see WeProl. 3. 76); רבץ חטאת לפתח Gen 4:7 (J) at the door (of Cain) sin is a crouching beast; sin of the people is embodied in the golden calf Deu 9:21; and the high places of Beath Aven Hos 10:8; with בְּ on the ground of sin Neh 9:37; for sin Mic 1:5; 2Ki 24:3; Isa 40:2; Jer 15:13; Jer 17:3; Eze 16:52; with or by sin 1Ki 14:22; 1Ki 16:2; Isa 43:24; בח ׳הלך walk in sin 1Ki 15:3, 1Ki 15:26, 1Ki 15:34; 1Ki 16:19, 1Ki 16:26, 1Ki 16:31; 2Ki 17:22; בח ׳דבק cleave unto sin 2Ki 3:3; with עַל on account of sin Deu 9:18; 1Ki 15:30; 1Ki 16:19; Mic 6:13; for sin Lev 4:3, Lev 4:28, Lev 4:35; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:13 (P) Lev 19:22; Lev 26:18, Lev 26:24, Lev 26:28 (H); ח על ׳יסף add unto sin 1Sa 12:19; 2Ch 28:13; Isa 30:1; Job 34:37; with כְּ according to sin Lev 26:21; with לְ to or for sin Lev 16:16, Lev 16:21; Deu 19:15; 1Ki 12:30; 1Ki 13:34; Pro 10:16; Zec 13:1; with מִן because of sin Lev 4:26; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:10; Lev 16:34 (P), Lev 19:22 (H), Lam 4:13; more than sin Job 35:3; מֵחַטָּאתִי טָהַרְתִּי I am clean from my sin Pro 20:9; ח ׳מגני because of sin Psa 38:4; ח ׳בגלל because of sin 1Ki 14:16; ח ׳אחר הלך walk after sin 2Ki 13:2.
c. men should return from sin מִן שׁוּב 1Ki 8:35 2Ch 6:26; Eze 18:21; Eze 33:14; depart from it מֵעַל סוּר 2Ki 10:31; 2Ki 15:18; מן סוּר 2Ki 13:6, 2Ki 13:11; 2Ki 14:24; 2Ki 15:9, 2Ki 15:24, 2Ki 15:28; be concerned about מן דאג Psa 38:19; confess ח ׳הִתְוַדָּה Num 5:7 (P); ה על ׳התודה Neh 1:6; Neh 9:2.
d. God deals with sin: (1) he visits punishment upon it (על) פקד Exo 32:34 (JE) Hos 8:13; Hos 9:9; Jer 14:10; inquires after it ל דרשׁ Job 10:6; watches over it על שׁמר Job 14:16; hoards it up Hos 13:12; -2by forgiveness: ה ׳נשׂא Exo 10:17; Exo 32:32 (JE), 1Sa 15:25; ח עון ׳נשׂא Psa 32:5; לח ׳נשׂא Jos 24:19 (E), Psa 25:18; pardon לח ׳סלח Exo 34:9 (JE) 1Ki 8:34, 1Ki 8:36; 2Ch 6:25, 2Ch 6:27; 2Ch 7:14; Jer 36:3; removal הסר Isa 27:9; העביר 2Sa 12:13; casting into the depths of the sea Mic 7:19; -3by covering over, making atonement for תְּכֻמָּ֑ר חַטָּֽאתְךָ Isa 6:7 thy sin shall be covered over; actively, ח עַל ׳כמּר Psa 79:9; ח ׳כסּה Psa 85:3 (compare חֲטָאָה כְּסוּי Psa 32:1); ח ׳לְהָתֵם (Qr) make an end of sins Dan 9:24; -4by blotting out ח ׳מחה Isa 44:22; Jer 18:23; Psa 109:14; Nehemiah 3:37; cleanse from sin מח ׳טַהֲרֵנִי Psa 51:4; לח ׳מקוֺר a fountain for sin Zec 13:1; -5by not remembering it ח זכר ׳לא Isa 43:25; ׳לח זכר לא Jer 31:34; אֶלחַֿטָאתוֺ אַלתֵּֿפֶן Deu 9:27 look not unto his sin.
e. atonement may be secured for, ח בעד ׳כמּר Exo 32:30 (J E; Moses, by his intercession).
f. according to P (H) the priest is to make atonement for a person (על כמּר) by sin-offering or trespass-offering; ׳מח because of sin Lev 4:26; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:10; Lev 16:34; ח ׳על Lev 4:35; Lev 5:13 (all P), Lev 19:22 (H; see Wecompare, 59 = JBTh xxii, 427), so that the man is clean from sin מח ׳טהר Lev 16:30.
2 condition of sin, guilt of sin Gen 18:20; Num 16:26; Num 32:23 (J), Eze 3:20; Eze 18:24, מִוְבְּחוֺתֵיכֶם וּלְקַרְנוֺת ׳ח לִבָּם עַללֿוּחַ חֲרוּשָׁה יְהוּדָה the sin (guilt) of Judah is graven upon the table of their hear, and upon the horns of your altars Jer 17:1.
3 punishment for sin: ח תִּהְיֶה ׳זֹאת וח ׳מִצְרָ֑יִם כָלהַֿגּוֺיִם Zec 14:19 this will be the punishment for sin of Egypt and the punishment for sin of all nations (the plague with which Yahweh will smite them).
4 sin-offering: one of the kinds of offerings of P, Lev 7:37; first in the history 2Ki 12:17 (reign of Jehoash), where חטּאת of money given to priests; elsewhere only in Chronicles: 2Ch 29:21, 2Ch 29:23, 2Ch 29:24 Hezekiah had made a ׳ח of 7 עִזִּים צְפִירֵי at purification of temple; Ezr 8:35; Ezr 8:12׳ח צְפִירֵי were offered; Neh 10:34 ׳ח || עולות; — in these no evidence of special ritual. Sin-offering elsewhere only in codes of H Ezekiel and P. — On Hos 4:8 see
1 above In H, Lev 23:19 a עזים שׂעיר, for feast of weeks. In Ezekiel ׳ח in General || other sacrifices, Eze 40:39; Eze 45:17, Eze 45:25; Eze 46:20; and priests eat them Eze 42:13; Eze 44:29. At dedication of altar, the blood of a young bullock was to be applied to horns of altar, the corners of its settle and its border, the bullock itself burnt without the sanctuary; for each of the 7 days following a עזים שׂעיר was to be offered Eze 43:19, Eze 43:21, Eze 43:22, Eze 43:25. On first day of first month a young bullock was to offered to cleanse the sanctuary: its blood put on the door posts of the house and of the gate of the inner court an on the four corners of the settle of the altar; also on the seventh day (ᵐ5 first day of seventh month) Eze 45:17, Eze 45:19 (compare Eze 45:18; Eze 45:20). On 14th day of first month the prince was to offer a bullock for himself and the people and on each of the 7 days of the Passover week a עזים שׂעיר Eze 45:22-23,. When a priest entered the sanctuary to minister after his cleaning he was to offer his sin-offering Eze 44:27. P gives several grades:
a. a ruler should offer a he-goat Lev 4:24-25, Num 7:16, Num 7:22, Num 7:28, Num 7:34, Num 7:40, Num 7:46, Num 7:52, Num 7:58, Num 7:64, Num 7:70, 76, 82, 87; an ordinary person a she-goat Lev 4:29 (compare Lev 4:28) Lev 5:6; Num 15:27, ewe lamb Lev 4:32-33, (twice in verse); Lev 4:34; Lev 14:19; Num 6:14, Num 6:16, a turtle dove or young pigeon Lev 5:7-8, Lev 5:9 (twice in verse); Lev 12:6, Lev 12:8; Lev 14:22, Lev 14:31; Lev 15:15, Lev 15:30; Num 6:11, or one-tenth of an ephah of fine flour Lev 5:11 (twice in verse); Lev 5:12; according to ability of the person, and nature of offence. The victim was brought unto the tent of meeting, the hands of the offerer laid on its head, it was slaughtered by the offerer, the priest took some of the blood and put it on horns of altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the blood he poured out at the base of it, to cover over the sin, or cleanse the altar from the sin defiling it. All the fat pieces (compare Lev 4:22, Lev 4:35) and a handful of the flour (compare Lev 5:12) were burned on altar. The rest of the flesh and the flour were eaten by priests in court of Holy place Lev 5:13; Lev 6:10; Lev 6:18 (twice in verse); Lev 6:23 (compare Lev 6:11; Lev 6:19), Lev 7:7; Lev 10:16-17, Lev 10:19 (twice in verse); Lev 14:13; Num 18:9.
b. a bullock was offered for priests Exo 29:14, Exo 29:36; Lev 4:3, Lev 4:8, Lev 4:20; Lev 8:2, Lev 8:14 (twice in verse); Lev 9:2, Lev 9:7, Lev 9:8, Lev 9:10; for Levites at their installation Num 8:8, Num 8:12 and for whole congregation Lev 4:14, Lev 4:21; but usually offering for congregation was he-goat Num 15:24-25, especially at dedication of altar Lev 9:3, Lev 9:15, Lev 9:22. and in ritual of feasts Num 28:15, Num 28:22, Num 28:30; Num 29:5, Num 29:11, Num 29:16, Num 29:19, Num 29:22, Num 29:25, Num 29:28, Num 29:31, Num 29:34, Num 29:38. Before consecration of the tabernacle the blood went to altar of burnt-offering (Lev 9:9), but subsequently some of it was sprinkled seven times before the vail and some of it put on horns of altar of incense to cleanse this higher altar; the fast pieces were burned on altar of burnt-offering, and the rest of the victim burned without the camp (Lev 4:3-21; Lev 6:23; Lev 8:16-17, Lev 9:10-11,).
c. on day of atonement, sin-offering for high priest was a bullock Lev 16:3, Lev 16:6; and for congregation two he-goats, one לַעֲזָאזֵל (see עזאזל) Lev 16:5 (compare Lev 16:8; Lev 16:10; Lev 16:20; Lev 16:22), the other for sacrifice ליהוה Lev 16:9 (compare Lev 16:8). Some of the blood of Aaron's bullock was first taken into innermost sanctuary and sprinkled on the כפרת and seven times before it; so also blood of the he-goat Lev 16:11 (twice in verse); Lev 16:15 (compare Lev 16:12-14; Lev 16:16; Lev 16:17) to cleanse highest altar: then the blood of the two victims was applied to lower altars as in a and b and so sin was covered over at the three altars Exo 30:10 (compare Lev 16:16-19). The fat pieces went to altar of burnt-offering and the rest of the victims was burnt without the camp Lev 16:25, Lev 16:27 (twice in verse). (Sins which might be covered over were limited to those committed בשׁגגה Lev 4:2, Lev 4:22, Lev 4:27; Num 15:27, לשׁגגה Num 15:24, minor offences Lev 5:1-6; and ceremonial uncleanness Lev 12:6, Lev 12:8; Lev 14:13; Lev 15:15; Num 6:11, Num 6:14.) — Pharses for sacrificing are: ח ׳עשׂה Lev 9:7, Lev 9:22; Lev 14:19; Num 6:16; Eze 45:17, ח ׳הקריב Lev 10:19; Eze 44:27, ח ׳שׁחט Lev 14:13; Eze 40:39.
5 purification from sins of ceremonial uncleanness, all P: ׳מֵ ׳ח Num 8:7 water of purification from sin; ח נִדָּה ׳מֵי הוּא water of (cleansing from) impurity, it is a purification from sin Num 19:9; הח שְׂרֵפַת ׳עֲפַר Num 19:17 ashes of the burning of the purification from sin (RV renders sin-offering; but there was no offering made, only water of purification was used).
חַטָּיָא noun feminine sin-offering (Biblical Hebrew חַטָּאת
4; Nabataean חטיאת penalty, according to SAC51); — absolute ׳ת Ezr 6:17 Kt, Qr הַטָּאָה.
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 4 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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