קָדַר

עָמַם ʻâmam · H6004 · to grow dim, to grow dull, to compare with

Both words denote a state of visual darkness or dimness: becoming dim and becoming dark. קָדַר also has additional senses of mourning and grief, but the core sense of darkness or dimness is shared.

צָלַל tsâlal · H6751 · to quiver, ears tingle

The target lexeme (‘to be black, to be or make dark’) and צָלַל (‘to begin to be dark, to be shadowed’) both denote becoming or being dark, functioning as near-synonyms.

בָּכָה bâkâh · H1058 · to cry, to weep, to lament

בָּכָה is the standard verb ‘to weep,’ while the target lexeme’s primary sense of ‘be dark, black’ extends to mourning contexts (mourning dress, a darkened demeanor). In the mourning sense the two overlap as near-synonyms.

כָּאַב kâʼab · H3510 · to be in pain, to hurt, to wound

Both lexemes genuinely denote emotional suffering/grief states and could plausibly substitute in contexts of mourning or sorrow. כָּאַב (kâʼab, H3510) focuses on pain and sorrow, while קָדַר (qâdar, H6937) extends from the physical sense of darkness/blackness to metaphorical mourning.

חָשַׁךְ châshak · H2821 · to grow dark, to be darkened, to bring darkness

Both words denote "be dark" or "make dark or black"; they are two distinct Hebrew verbs that overlap substantially in sense (darkness, blackness) and could substitute for each other in appropriate contexts.

יָגָה yâgâh · H3013 · to be grieved, to grieve, to torment

Both words overlap in the sense of mourning and grief: יָגָה (yâgâh, H3013) centers on causing or experiencing grief or sorrow, while קָדַר (qâdar, H6937) extends from "be dark or black" into the register of mourning (mourning attire and demeanor).

עָצַב ʻâtsab · H6087 · to be hurt, to frustrate

The target lexeme (in its mourning sense) and עָצַב (‘to grieve, be sorry’) can both express grief or mourning, functioning as near-synonyms in that sense.

אָבַל ʼâbal · H56 · to mourn, to wither, to languish

אָבַל is a primary verb of mourning, while the target lexeme’s sense of darkness or blackness extends to mourning contexts, likely via the cultural practice of darkening or wearing sackcloth. When used in this mourning sense, the two are near-synonyms.

Color002001001014

This color sense overlaps with the word's Dark meaning below, illustrated by the same citations describing the sky and ice-darkened waters (1 Kings 18:45; Job 6:16).

Dark002001001017

The word means to grow dark or black, illustrated by the sky becoming dark with clouds before a storm (1 Kings 18:45) and waters darkened by melting ice (Job 6:16).

Dress002003001007

This sense, associated with wearing mourning attire, is not independently illustrated by the sampled citations, which describe mourning behavior rather than clothing.

Grieve002001002013

The word also means to mourn, illustrated by Job going about mourning without comfort (Job 30:28) and the psalmist bowed down in mourning as for a mother (Psalm 35:14).

Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.

Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.