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Word

כָּאַב

kâʼab · H3510 · Hebrew · 8 occurrences

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Meanings

  1. to be in pain

    State in which humans feel strong pain, usually as a result of a physical injury

    Examples

    Genesis 34:25 Now it came about on the third day, when they were in pain, that two of Jacob’s sons—Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s brothers—each took his sword and came upon the city undetected, and killed every male.

    Job 14:22 “However, his body pains him, And his soul mourns for himself.”

  2. to hurt, to wound

    Causative action by which humans or plants inflict wounds on humans and cause them to feel strong pain

    Examples

    Job 5:18 “For He inflicts pain, and gives relief; He wounds, but His hands also heal.

    Ezekiel 28:24 “And there will no longer be for the house of Israel a painful thorn or a hurtful thorn bush from any surrounding them who despised them; then they will know that I am the Lord GOD.”

  3. to ruin

    Causative action by which humans cause an object to no longer function as it should

    Examples

    2 Kings 3:19 ‘Then you shall strike every fortified city and every choice city, and cut down every good tree and stop up all the springs of water, and spoil every good plot of land with stones.’”

  4. to grieve

    State in which humans experience grief

    Examples

    Psalm 69:29 But I am afflicted and in pain; May Your salvation, God, set me safely on high.

    Proverbs 14:13 Even in laughter the heart may be in pain, And the end of joy may be grief.

  5. to cause grief

    Causative action by which deities cause grief to humans

    Examples

    Ezekiel 13:22 “Because you disheartened the righteous with falsehood when I did not cause him pain, but you have encouraged the wicked not to turn from his wicked way to keep him alive,

How it’s used In 5 roles

Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.

the word studied the word it goes with

Who or what does itSubject

6 occurrences in 6 groups

What it acts on, or what is saidObject

2 occurrences in 2 groups

With prepositionsPrepositional phrases

2 occurrences in 2 groups

With adverbsAdverbs

1 occurrences in 1 groups

What is done to itIt is the object

1 occurrences in 1 groups

When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.

MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.

Near synonyms 3 words
אָבַל ʼâbal · H56 · to mourn, to wither, to languish
Both words denote emotional responses to distress and loss in the sphere of grief; both describe manifestations of sorrow.
קָדַר qâdar · H6937 · to grow dark, to become dark, to be darkened
Both lexemes genuinely denote emotional suffering/grief states and could plausibly substitute in contexts of mourning or sorrow. כָּאַב (kâʼab, H3510) focuses on pain and sorrow, while קָדַר (qâdar, H6937) extends from the physical sense of darkness/blackness to metaphorical mourning.
יָגָה yâgâh · H3013 · to be grieved, to grieve, to torment
Both words are verbs centered on grief and sorrow, denoting overlapping states or the causing of grief; both are glossed with "grieve" or "grieving" and "sorrowful."
Semantic domains 2 entries
Impact002001001024
The verb describes causing pain or wounding, as when God is said to inflict pain in Job 5:18, an affliction striking the body or spirit.
Grieve002001002013
The verb describes emotional or physical grief and sorrow, as when Jacob's sons were still in pain from their wounds in Genesis 34:25, and the soul mourns in Job 14:22.
Word family 3 words

Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.

כָּאַבkâʼab · H3510מַכְאֹב makʼôb · H4341 · pain, sorrow, grief · 16×כְּאֵב kᵉʼêb · H3511 · wound, grief · 6×
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H3510. kaab כָּאַב verb be in pain (Aramaic כְּאֵב, id.; Arabic be sorrowful, sad;…
H3510. kaab
כָּאַב verb be in pain (Aramaic כְּאֵב, id.; Arabic be sorrowful, sad; Assyrian in derivatives, ikkibu, pain ZimBP 67, kêbtu, ruin Hpt in KAT2Glossary i.) —
Qal Imperfect יִכְאָבֿ Pro 14:13; יִכְאָ֑ב Job 14:22; Participle כּוֺאֵב Psa 69:30; כֹּאֲבִים Gen 34:25; —
1 be in pain, physical Gen 34:25 (J, as result of circumcision); Job 14:22 (subject בָּשָׂר; poetic of body in grave || תֶּאֱבָ֑ל נַפְשׁוֺ).
2 of mental pain Pro 14:13 (subject לֵב; probably also Psa 69:30 (|| עָנִי).
Hiph`il Perfect1singular suffix הִכְאַבְתִּיו Eze 13:22; Eze 13:2feminine plural הִכְאַבְתֶּן Eze 13:22 ᵑ7 ᵐ5 Co (הַכְאוֺת ᵑ0 see כָּאָה); Imperfect יַכְאִיב Job 5:18; תַּכְאִ֫בוּ 2Ki 3:19; Participle מַכְאִב Eze 28:24; — pain, mar;
1 of enemies of Israel under figure of thorn causing pain (no object expressed) מַכ ׳קוֺץ Eze 28:24 (|| סִלּוֺן מַמְאִיר); of שַׁדַּי, no object expressed, Job 5:18 (opposed to חָבַשׁ, || מָחַץ.
2 of mental pain, object לֵב, Eze 13:22 (subject false prophetesses, see above); compare Eze 13:22 (subject ׳י).
3 (si vera lectio) of marring good land with stones 2Ki 3:19, ᵐ5 άχρειώσετε (Klo תְּאַבְּדוּ).

Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain

Topical studies with this word 2 entries
Impact5 occurrencesGrieve3 occurrences

Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.

Sources

eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0

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