חָטָא

H2398. chata
חָטָא238 verb miss (a goal or way), go wrong, sin (Late Hebrew id.; Aramaic חֲטָא Assyrian —a‰û. ZimBP 46; Sabean החֿטא חֿטא, id., DHM in MV; Arabic do wrong, commit a mistake or an error; II. make to miss the mark; IV. miss the mark, miss the way; Ethiopic fail to find or have; sometimes sin, especially in derivatives) —
Qal Perfect ׳ח Exo 32:31 + 29: t., 3 feminine singular חָֽטְאָה Lev 5:15; Lam 1:8, חָטָֽאָה Jer 50:14; Eze 16:15, חָטָאת Exo 5:16, etc., + 82 t. Perfect; Imperfect יֶחֱטָא Lev 4:3 Lev 4:12t., תֶּחֱטָ֫אוּ Exo 20:20; Psa 4:5, etc. + 20 t. Imperfect; Infinitive חֲטֹא Eze 3:21 Eze 3:8t., מֵחֲטוֺא Psa 39:2, מֵחֲטוֺ (text error for מחטא) Gen 20:6, בְּחֶטְאָה Num 15:28, חֲטאֹתוֺ Eze 33:12 (strike out Co); Participle חוֺטֵא Pro 13:22 Pro 13:6t., חֹטֵא Isa 1:4; Ecc 9:2, חוֺטֶא Isa 65:20 Isa 65:2t., חֹטֶא Ecc 8:12, suffix חֹטְאִי Pro 8:36, plural חֹטִ֯אֿים 1Sa 14:33, suffix חֹטֵאת Eze 18:4, Eze 18:20; —
1 miss: תחטא לא thou shalt not miss anything Job 5:24, חוֺטֵא בְּרַגְּלַיִם אָץ Pro 19:2 one hastening with his feet misseth (the way or the goal); חֹמֵסנַפְשׁוֺ חֹטְאִי Pro 8:36 the one missing me (Wisdom) is one wronging himself (opposed to מֹצְאִי); miss, i.e. endanger, one's life Pro 20:2; Hab 2:10 according to De VB (others below 3 q. v.)
2 sin, miss the goal or path of right and duty:
a. against man, absolute Exo 5:16 (E), 1Sa 26:21; 2Sa 19:21; 1Ki 18:9; 2Ki 18:14; with לְ of the person against whom or towards whom one sins, Gen 40:1 (E), Jdg 11:27; 1Sa 2:25; 1Sa 19:4; 1Sa 24:12, 1Ki 8:31 2Ch 6:22; לך חטאתי מה wherein have I sinned against thee ? Gen 20:9 (E) Jer 37:18; with בילד תחטאו אל בְּ, Gen 42:22 (E) do not sin against the lad, against David 1Sa 19:4-5,.
b. elsewhere always against God, absolute Exo 20:20 (E), Exo 9:34 (J) Jos 7:11 (D) Lev 4:3; Lev 5:1, Lev 5:11, Lev 5:17 (twice in verse); Leviticus 5:21; Leviticus 5:23; Num 16:22 (P), Neh 6:13; Job 1:5, Job 1:22; Job 7:20; Job 10:14; Job 24:19; Job 35:6; Psa 4:5; Psa 78:32; Isa 43:27; Isa 64:4; Jer 2:35; Lam 5:7; Eze 3:21 (twice in verse); Eze 16:51; Eze 28:16; Eze 33:12; Hos 8:11 (strike out We Kl. Proph.) Hos 8:11; Hos 10:9; Hos 13:2; חכי לחטא נתתי לא I have not permitted my palate to sin Job 31:30; Participle חֹטֵא, used as adjective, sinful nation Isa 1:4; sinful person Eze 18:4, Eze 18:20; but usually as noun, sinner Pro 11:31; Pro 13:22; Pro 14:21; Ecc 2:26; Ecc 7:26; Ecc 8:12; Ecc 9:2, Ecc 9:18; Isa 65:20. Sin is confessed: חָטָאנוּ we have sinned Num 14:40; Num 21:7 (E) Jdg 10:15; 1Sa 12:10; 1Ki 8:47 2Ch 6:37; Neh 1:6; Psa 106:6; Lam 5:16; Dan 9:5, Dan 9:15; חטאתי I have sinned Exo 9:27; Num 22:34 (J) 1Sa 15:24, 1Sa 15:30; 2Sa 24:10, 2Sa 24:17; 1Ch 21:8, 1Ch 21:17; Job 33:27. Sin is universal: יחטא לא אשׁר אדם אין there is no man who sinneth not 1Ki 8:46 2Ch 6:36, יחטא ולא טוב יעשׂה אשׁר בארץ צדיק אין אדם כי Ecc 7:20 for man there is none righteous in the earth who doeth good and sinneth not; with לְ, against God Gen 20:6 (E), Gen 39:9 (J), Exo 32:33; Num 32:33 (both J E), Deu 9:16; Deu 20:18; 1Sa 2:25; 1Sa 12:23; 1Sa 14:33-34, 1Ki 8:33, 1Ki 8:35, 1Ki 8:46, 1Ki 8:50 2Ch 6:24, 2Ch 6:26, 2Ch 6:36, 2Ch 6:39; 2Ki 17:7; Hos 4:7; Mic 7:9; Zep 1:17; Jer 40:3; Jer 44:23; Jer 50:7, Jer 50:14; Eze 14:13; Isa 42:24; Job 8:4; Psa 78:17; Psa 119:11; Neh 1:6; in confession ל חטאתי Exo 10:16; Jos 7:20 (J), 2Sa 12:13 Psa 41:5; Psa 51:6; ל חטאנו Deu 1:41; Jdg 10:10; 1Sa 7:6; Jer 3:25; Jer 8:14; Jer 14:7, Jer 14:20; Dan 9:8, Dan 9:11; with בְּ of instrument, lips Job 2:10, tongue Psa 39:2; wherein Eze 37:23; Lev 4:23 (P), therein Leviticus 5:22 (P); ellipsis of בְּ in pharse ח אשׁר ׳עונם לי (their) iniquity wherein they sinned against me Jer 33:8 (twice in verse); בשׁגגה by error, unwittingly Lev 4:2, Lev 4:22, Lev 4:27; Lev 5:15; Num 15:27-28, (all P); against thy judgements Neh 9:29; with עַל with regard to Lev 5:5; Num 6:11(P) Neh 13:26; with cognate accusative ׳ח חֲטָאָה Exo 32:30-31, (JE); ח ׳אשׁר חַטָּאת Num 12:11(J) Lev 4:3, Lev 4:28 (twice in verse); Lev 4:35; Lev 5:6, Lev 5:10, Lev 5:13 (all P) Lev 19:22 (twice in verse) (H), Deu 9:18; 1Ki 14:16, 1Ki 14:22; 1Ki 15:30; 1Ki 16:13, 1Ki 16:19; 2Ki 21:17; Eze 18:24; Eze 33:16; ח אשׁר ׳חטאת ל Jer 16:10; Neh 1:6; ח אשׁר ׳חטאת על Lev 4:14 (P); ח ׳חֵטְא Lam 1:8; ח ׳אשׁר חֵטְא Deu 19:15.
3 incur guilt, penalty by sin, forfeit: הימים כל לך וחטאתי Gen 43:9 I shall incur the blame of sinning against thee all my days, compare Gen 44:32 (J); with accusative נפשׁ חוֺטֵא for feiting oneself, one's life Pro 20:2; Hab 2:10 according to most, yet see below
1 — ח אשׁר אשׁמו ׳והביא Lev 5:7 he shall bring his trespass-offering which he has incurred by sin; ח אשׁר ׳קרבנו Lev 5:11; ישׁלּם ח אשׁר ׳את מןהֿקדשׁ Lev 5:16 what he hath incurred by taking of the holy thing he shall pay.
Pi`el Perfect חִטֵּא Lev 14:52; suffix חִטְּאוֺ Num 19:19, חִטֵּאתָ Exo 29:36 Exo 29:2t.; 3 plural חִטְּאוּ Eze 43:22 (twice in verse); Imperfect יַיְחַטֵּא Lev 8:15; suffix וַיְהַטְּאֵהוּ Lev 9:15, תְּחַטְּאֵנִי Psa 51:9, אֲחַטֶּנָּה Gen 31:39, וַיְחַטְּאוּ2Ch 29:24; Infinitive חַטֵּא Lev 14:49; Eze 43:23; Participle הִמְחַטֵּא Lev 6:19; —
1 bear loss: אֲחַטֶּנָּה אָנֹכִי I bare the loss of it Gen 31:39 (E; lit I let it be missing ? possibly read אֲחֻטּנה I was made to miss it ?).
2 make a sin-offering: with suffix referring to שׁעיר Lev 9:15 (P); to sin-offering Lev 6:19 (P); המזבח על upon the altar Exo 29:36 (P; not cleanse the altar RV); ׳ח המזבחה דמם את2Ch 29:24 made a sin-offering with their blood on the altar.
3 purity from sin: the altar, by putting the blood of the sin-offering on its horns, Lev 8:15 (P), Eze 43:20, Eze 43:22 (twice in verse); Eze 43:23; the sanctuary, by applying to it the blood of the sin-offering Eze 45:18.
4 purity from uncleanness: the house of the leper by application of the mixture of living water and blood of the bird Lev 14:49, Lev 14:52 (P); a person, by application of then mixture of living water and ashes of the red heifer Num 19:19 (P), by sprinkling with a hyssop spring Psa 51:9.
Hiph`il Perfect הֶחֱטִיא 1Ki 14:16-17t., הֶחֶטִ֯י (Kt error for החטִיא) 2Ki 13:6; suffix הֶחֱטִיאָם 2Ki 17:21; plural הֶחֱטִיאוּ 1Ki 16:13; Neh 13:26; Imperfect יַחֲטִא Jdg 20:16; 2Ki 21:11; תַּחֲטִיא Deu 24:4; וַתַּחֲטִא 1Ki 16:2; 1Ki 21:22; plural יַחֲטִיאוּ Exo 23:33; Infinitive הַחֲטִיא Ecc 5:5; 1Ki 16:19; Jer 32:35 (Qr), הַחֲ֯טִי Jer 32:35 (Kt error); Participle plural construct מַחֲטִיאֵי Isa 29:21; —
1 miss the mark: יַחֲטִא וְלֹא אֶלהַֿשַּׂעְרָה בָּאֶבֶן קֹלֵעַ Jdg 20:16 slinging with stones at an hair and would not miss.
2 induce or cause to sin: with accusative Exo 23:33(JE), Neh 13:26; elsewhere in the phrase ישׂראל את החטיא (he) caused Israel to sin 1Ki 14:16; 1Ki 15:26, 1Ki 15:30, 1Ki 15:34; 1Ki 16:2, 1Ki 16:13, 1Ki 16:19, 1Ki 16:26; 1Ki 21:22; 1Ki 22:53; 2Ki 3:3; 2Ki 10:29, 2Ki 10:31; 2Ki 13:2, 2Ki 13:6, 2Ki 13:11; 2Ki 14:24; 2Ki 15:9, 2Ki 15:18, 2Ki 15:24, 2Ki 15:28; 2Ki 23:15; with suffix reference to Israel 2Ki 17:21; יהודה את 2Ki 21:11, 2Ki 21:16; Jer 32:35 (sometimes with 2nd accusative — חטאת, or אשׁר reference to חטאת: — 1Ki 15:26, 1Ki 15:34; 1Ki 16:26; 2Ki 17:21; 2Ki 21:16; peob. also 1Ki 14:16; 1Ki 15:30; 1Ki 16:13; no 2nd accusative 1Ki 16:2, 1Ki 16:19; 1Ki 21:22; 1Ki 22:53; 2Ki 21:11; 2Ki 23:15; Jer 32:35; the rest are ambiguous).
3 bring into guilt, condemnation, punishment: אדם מחטיאי Isa 29:21 who bring a man into condemnation; הארץ את תחטיא לא Deu 24:4 thou shalt not bring the land into guilt; אתבֿשׂרך לחטיא אתפֿיך תתן אל Ecc 5:4 do not permit thy mouth to bring thy flesh into punishment.
Hithpa`el Imperfect יִתְחַטָּא Num 19:12 Num 19:4t., יִתְחַטְּאוּ Num 8:21; יִתְחַטָּ֑אוּ Job 41:17, תִּתְחַטְּאוּ Num 31:19, תִּתְחַטָּ֑אוּ Num 31:20; —
1 miss oneself, lose oneself, figurative for be bewildered, beside oneself, יִתְחַטָּאוּ מִשְּׁבָרִים Job 41:17 by reason of consternation they are beside themselves (|| יגורו are afraid).
2 purity oneself from uncleanness, only in P:
a. Levites Num 8:21.
b. those in contact with thedead Num 19:12-13, Num 19:20; Num 31:19-20, with נִּדָּה בְּמֵי בְּ, Num 31:23; by a mixture of ashes of the red heifer with fresh water Num 19:12.