גַּם
gam · H1571 · Hebrew · 769 occurrences
Meanings
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also, too, even, moreover, what is more, what is worse, furthermore, besides, and, both … and
Marker pointing to information that needs to be considered in addition to previous information (either explicit or implied)
ExamplesGenesis 3:6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was desirable to make one wise, she took some of its fruit and ate; and she also gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
Genesis 3:22 Then the LORD God said, “Behold, the man has become like one of Us, knowing good and evil; and now, he might reach out with his hand, and take fruit also from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever”—
Genesis 4:4 Abel, on his part also brought an offering, from the firstborn of his flock and from their fat portions. And the LORD had regard for Abel and his offering;
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indeed, yes, really?
Marker expressing a speaker's confirmation of the truth of a statement; in some cases the truth of this statement is conceded
ExamplesGenesis 16:13 Then she called the name of the LORD who spoke to her, “You are a God who sees me”; for she said, “Have I even seen Him here and lived after He saw me?”
Genesis 20:6 Then God said to him in the dream, “Yes, I know that in the integrity of your heart you have done this, and I also kept you from sinning against Me; therefore I did not let you touch her.
Genesis 27:33 Then Isaac trembled violently, and said, “Who then was he who hunted game and brought it to me, so that I ate from all of it before you came, and blessed him? Yes, and he shall be blessed.”
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yet
Marker pointing out that the information that follows is an unexpected consequence of what has been stated before
ExamplesLeviticus 26:44 ‘Yet in spite of this, when they are in the land of their enemies, I will not reject them, nor will I so loathe them as to destroy them, breaking My covenant with them; for I am the LORD their God.
Nehemiah 6:1 Now when it was reported to Sanballat, Tobiah, Geshem the Arab, and to the rest of our enemies that I had rebuilt the wall, and that no breach was left in it, although at that time I had not installed the doors in the gates,
Psalm 129:2 “Many times they have attacked me from my youth up; Yet they have not prevailed against me.
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so, therefore
Marker pointing out that the information that follows represents the logical consequence of what has been stated before
ExamplesGenesis 15:14 “But I will also judge the nation whom they will serve, and afterward they will come out with many possessions.
Genesis 20:6 Then God said to him in the dream, “Yes, I know that in the integrity of your heart you have done this, and I also kept you from sinning against Me; therefore I did not let you touch her.
Genesis 42:22 Reuben answered them, saying, “Did I not tell you, ‘Do not sin against the boy’; and you would not listen? Now justice for his blood is required.”
How it’s used In 5 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Who or what does itSubject
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- נֶפֶשׁsoul, life 1
With prepositionsPrepositional phrases
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- לto/for+ חָצֵרcourt, courtyard 1
What it doesIt is the subject
3 occurrences in 3 groups
- הָיָהto be, to become 1
- נָתַןto give, to put, to set 1
- פָּרַץto burst 1
What is done to itIt is the object
11 occurrences in 6 groups
- אָמַרto say 4
- רָאָהto see 3
- יָדַעto know 1
- לָקַחto take, to receive 1
- נָכָהto strike, to strike down 1
- שָׁבָהto take captive, to carry off 1
What it is said to bePredicate
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- טוֹבgood 1
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 1 word
- καί kaí · G2532 · and, and then
- Both גַּם (gam, H1571) גַּם and καί (kaí, G2532) καί are versatile conjunctive and additive particles that extend discourse by signaling addition ("also," "even"), coordination ("and," "both...and") and emphasis. The Hebrew גַּם emphasizes inclusion and extension across a wide range of syntactic contexts, while the Greek καί is the primary coordinating conjunction and additive particle in the New Testament.
Semantic domains 4 entries
- Extenders004004
- The particle extends a statement to include an additional item, the core "also/too" sense that adds one thing alongside another already mentioned.
- Affirmers004001
- The particle can function to emphatically affirm or intensify a statement, the "even" sense that underscores a point as noteworthy.
- Contrastors004002
- This code is inherited from the shared listing with a related adversative use of this particle rather than an independent feature of the specific citations reviewed here.
- Perception002004
- This code is inherited from the shared listing with a further nuance of this widely-attested particle rather than an independent feature of the specific citations reviewed here.
Word family 2 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H1571. gam גַּם768 adverb denoting addition, also, moreover, yea (Moabite id., also…
גַּם768 adverb denoting addition, also, moreover, yea (Moabite id., also Zinjirli (Lzb250 Cooke166); probably akin to √ ; compare (accusative) in a mass, altogether) —
1 also, moreover, emphasizing sometimes the thought of an entire sentence, but more usually the word immediately following, as Gen 3:6 לְאִישָׁהּ גַּם וַתִּתֵּן and gave also to her husband, Genesis 3:27 and take also of the tree of life, Gen 7:3; Gen 19:21; Gen 24:19; Gen 26:21; Gen 29:27; Gen 30:15; Gen 32:21 (֗֗֗ הִגֵּה גַּם: so Est 7:9) Gen 48:11; Exo 8:28; Exo 12:32b Deu 1:37; 1Sa 28:20; 2Sa 11:12; 2Ki 9:27; Isa 7:13 +. Often before pronouns, Gen 4:4 הוּא גַם הֵבִיא וְהֶבֶל and Abel, he also brought, Gen 20:5 וְהִיאגַֿםהִֿוא (so only here) and she herself also, Gen 20:6; Gen 27:31 הוּא גַּם וַיַּעַשׂ, Gen 30:8; Deu 3:20; Jdg 3:31; Jdg 6:35; Jdg 9:19; 1Sa 19:20-24 Jer 12:6; Jer 48:26 etc. (compare MI6 הא גם ויאמר): especially in Genealogies of J (BuUrg. 220) Gen 4:22, Gen 4:26; Gen 10:21; Gen 19:38; Gen 22:20, Gen 22:24 compare Jdg 8:31. גַּם followed by pronoun also begins a sentence with emphasis in an elevated style, thou (they) also, Isa 14:10; Jer 12:6 (twice in verse); Jer 48:7; Eze 16:52; Nah 3:11 (twice in verse). After a pronoun in an oblique case (Ges§ 135, 2) Gen 27:34; 1Sa 19:23; 2Sa 17:5; Jer 25:14; Jer 27:7 +. וְגַם and also (more often than גַּם alone attaching a sentence) Gen 6:4; Gen 14:16; Gen 15:14; Gen 17:16; Gen 20:12; Gen 24:14, Gen 24:46; Gen 30:6; Gen 37:7; Gen 38:24; Gen 42:28; Exo 2:19; Exo 3:9; Exo 4:14; Jos 7:11 (5 t.) 1Sa 4:17; 1Ki 21:19 + often; with a negative = neither Exo 5:2; Exo 34:3 and elsewhere — גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם (like et ... et) both ... and Gen 44:16; Gen 47:3, Gen 47:19; Num 18:3; Jer 51:12; Psa 49:3 +: גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם ֗֗֗ גַּם Gen 24:25; Jdg 8:22; Ecc 9:6: with a negative neither ... nor Num 23:25; 1Sa 20:27; 1Ki 3:26, and (3t.) Gen 43:8; Exo 4:10; 1Sa 28:6. So (but seldom) גַּםוְ֗֗֗גַם Gen 24:44; Exo 10:25f.; 1Sa 2:26; 1Sa 12:14; 1Sa 26:25: with negative 1Sa 21:9. — N.B. In poetry independence and emphasis is sometimes given by גַּם to a new idea, where in English we should be satisfied with and: Psa 107:5; Psa 137:1; Job 24:19; Cant 7:14; Lam 4:15.
2 with stress on a particular word, even, Exo 4:9; Num 22:33 אוֺתְךָ גַּם even thee I had slain, and kept her alive, 2Sa 17:10; Jer 2:33; Psa 132:12; Pro 14:13 even in laughter the heart is sorrowful, Pro 14:20; Pro 17:28; Pro 20:11; Rth 2:15; Nehemiah 3:35; and so often after כִּי, Deu 12:31 for even their sons they burn in the fire to their gods, 1Sa 22:17; Isa 26:12; Jer 6:11; Jer 12:6; Jer 14:5; Hos 9:12 לָהֶם כִּיגַֿםאֿוֺי for even woe is it to them when I depart from them; הֲגַם Gen 16:13; 1Sa 10:11-12, = 1Sa 19:24; 1Ki 17:20; Psa 78:20; Job 41:1; Est 7:8. Other cases: — 1Sa 24:12 רְאֵה גַּם רְאֵה see, yea see ! (but HupQu. Job vi. רָאֹה גַּם: compare below) Psa 118:11; Job 2:10 נְקַבֵּל אֶתהַֿטּוֺב גַּם shall we receive good (emphatic) from God and not evil ? Job 21:7; interposed once between a substantive and adjective Gen 20:4 Gentemne etiam justam interficies? emphasizing כֹּל, Deu 28:61; Jdg 9:49b 1Sa 22:7 לְכֻלְּכֶם גַּםֿ to all (emphatic) of you will he give ...? 2Sa 19:31 יִקָּ֑ח אֶתהַֿכֹּל גַּם yea, the whole let him take! Isa 26:12; אֶחָד 2Sa 17:12b and we will not leave ֗֗֗ אֶחָד גַּם even one (similarly 2Sa 17:13 b), Psa 14:3 (= Psa 53:4) אֶחָד גַּם אֵין; an infinitive or cognate accusative attached to a verb, Gen 31:15; Gen 46:4; Num 11:15; Num 16:13; 1Sa 1:6. שְׁנֵיהֶם גַּם literally even both i.e. the one as well as the other (German alle beide) is said idiomatically, Gen 27:45 (שְׁנֵיכֶם), Deu 22:22; Deu 23:19; 1Sa 25:43 (שְׁתֵּיהֶן), Pro 17:15; Pro 20:10, Pro 20:12; Rth 1:5.
3 introducing a climax, yea, especially in a rhetorical style, Gen 27:33; Deu 23:3; Deu 23:4; Jdg 5:4 (twice in verse); Isa 13:3; Isa 14:8; Isa 43:13 yea, from to-day I am the same, Isa 44:12 רָעֵב גַּם yea, he is hungry, and has no strength, Isa 47:3; Isa 48:8 (3 t. in verse); Isa 57:7; Jer 46:16; Jer 48:2; Jer 51:44; Hos 7:9; Psa 41:10; Psa 84:7; Psa 139:12; Isa 66:8 אֶתבָּֿנֶיהָ צִיּוֺן גַּםיָָֽֿלְדָה, כִּיחָֿ֫לָה, Jer 5:28; Jer 12:2; Eze 24:5; Job 21:7; Son 8:1: emphasizing an extreme, or aggravated, case, yea, even, Isa 49:15 yea, these may forgot, Jer 8:17 yea, the stork knoweth, etc., Isa 23:12 שָׁם גַּם even there no rest shall be for thee (so Psa 139:10), Isa 49:25; Isa 57:6; Jer 23:11b; Mal 3:15; Psa 84:4.
4 expressing correspondence, especially in the matter of retribution (the גַּם correlativum), so frequently אָנֹכִי גַּם אֲנִי, גַּם I also (on my part): — Gen 20:6 I also [as well as thyself] know that thou hast done this innocently, Jos 24:18; Jdg 2:21; 1Sa 1:28 (compare Dr) 1Sa 28:22 אַתָּה גַּם thou also (as I have done 1Sa 28:21), 2Sa 12:13 ׳י also [responding to thy confession] hath removed thy sin, 2Ki 2:3, 2Ki 2:5; Isa 31:2; Isa 66:3-4 (גם ֗֗֗ גם, emphasizing the action of both parties), Jer 2:36; Jer 4:12 now will I also [in correspondence with their deeds] speak judgments with them, Jer 7:11; Jer 51:49 (גם ֗֗֗ גם), Eze 5:8, Eze 5:11; Eze 16:43 (וְגַם = therefore also), Eze 23:35; Hos 4:6 because thou hast forgotten the direction of thy God, I also (on my part) will forget thy children, Psa 52:7 (thou lovest evil, etc.) יִתָּצְךָ אֵל גַּם God also (on his part) will pluck thee up, Psa 71:22; Psa 133:1; Pro 1:26; Job 7:11; Job 12:3; Job 16:4; so וְגַם Jdg 2:3; Amo 4:6-7, Mic 6:13; Mal 2:9. In the apodosis (uncommon): Gen 13:16 if a man could number the dust of the earth, יִמָּנֶה זַרְעֲךָ גַּם thy seed also should be numbered, Jer 31:36-37, Jer 33:21, Jer 33:26; Zec 8:6. The correspondence is sometimes of the nature of a climax: Gen 27:33; Gen 30:8 I have wrestled, יָכֹלְתִּי גַּם (compare 1Ki 22:22 תּוּכָ֔ל וְגַם, Jer 50:24), Isa 66:8.
5 connecting two ideas which express (or imply) a contradiction, גַּם acquires sometimes an adversative force (compare אַף 1 end), yet, but, though: Psa 95:9 they tried me, but also (Che) saw my work (namely of judgment), Psa 129:2; Jer 6:15 = Jer 8:12; Eze 20:23; Ecc 4:8, Ecc 4:16; Ecc 5:18; Neh 6:1. So וְגַם Eze 16:28; Eze 20:15; Ecc 3:13; Ecc 6:7; Neh 5:8.
6 כִּי גַּם (with imperfect) yea, when Lam 3:8, even when Pro 22:6; yea though (stating an imagined case) Isa 1:15; Hos 8:10; Hos 9:16; Psa 23:4 (so אִם גַּם Ecc 8:17); also (is it) that Rth 2:21 (see כִּי 1d). גַם כִּי = for even (see above 2); = though even, although (conceding a fact) Ecc 4:14 (see De) Ecc 8:12.
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 4 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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