אָשָׁם
ʼâshâm · H817 · Hebrew · 46 occurrences
Meanings
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guilt
State of being responsible for an unlawful deed, that was committed either knowingly or unknowingly
ExamplesGenesis 26:10 And Abimelech said, “What is this that you have done to us? One of the people might easily have slept with your wife, and you would have brought guilt upon us.”
Psalm 68:21 God certainly will shatter the heads of His enemies, The hairy head of one who goes about in his guilt.
Proverbs 14:9 Fools mock at sin, But among the upright there is goodwill.
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restitution, compensation
Something given in recognition of loss, suffering, or injury incurred, the value of which equals or exceeds the value of the damage
ExamplesNumbers 5:7 then he shall confess his sin which he has committed, and he shall make restitution in full for his wrong and add to it a fifth of it, and give it to him whom he has wronged.
Numbers 5:8 ‘But if the person has no redeemer to whom restitution may be made for the wrong, the restitution which is made for the wrong must go to the LORD for the priest, besides the ram of atonement, by which atonement is made for him.
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guilt offering, reparation offering
Sacrifice brought to compensate for what the deity should have received, but what was not given
ExamplesLeviticus 5:15 “If a person acts unfaithfully and sins unintentionally against the LORD’S holy things, then he shall bring his guilt offering to the LORD: a ram without defect from the flock, according to your assessment in silver by shekels, in terms of the shekel of the sanctuary, as a guilt offering.
Leviticus 5:16 “And he shall make restitution for that which he has sinned against the holy thing, and shall add to it a fifth part of it and give it to the priest. The priest shall then make atonement for him with the ram of the guilt offering, and it will be forgiven him.
Leviticus 5:18 “He is then to bring to the priest a ram without defect from the flock, according to your assessment, as a guilt offering. So the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin which he committed unintentionally and did not know it, and it will be forgiven him.
How it’s used In 8 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Whose, or of whatGenitive or possessive
8 occurrences in 2 groups
- הוּhis 7
- הֶםtheir 1
Words describing itAdjectives, demonstratives, participles
3 occurrences in 2 groups
- שׁוּבto return, to turn back 2
- חָטָאto sin 1
What is done to itIt is the object
13 occurrences in 6 groups
- בּוֹאto come, to go in, to bring 5
- שׁוּבto return, to turn back 3
- שָׁחַטto slaughter 2
- בָּשַׁלto boil, to cook 1
- לוּץinsolent person 1
- נוּחַto rest, to put, to leave 1
Second object ofSecond object
5 occurrences in 4 groups
- שׁוּבto return, to turn back 2
- לָקַחto take, to receive 1
- שׂוּםto put, to set, to place 1
- בּוֹאto come, to go in, to bring 1
What it is said to bePredicate
3 occurrences in 3 groups
- חַטָּאָהsin, sin offering 1
- כֹּהֵןpriest 1
- מָהwhat?, why? 1
What is said to be itIt is the predicate
2 occurrences in 1 groups
- הוּאhe, she, it 2
After prepositionsPrepositional phrases
10 occurrences in 3 groups
- לto/for 10
- בin/on/with 2
- כlike/as 2
In phrases “… of it”It is the genitive
11 occurrences in 5 groups
- דָּםblood 4
- אַיִלram 3
- כֶּבֶשׂlamb 2
- כֶּסֶףsilver 1
- תּוֹרָהlaw, instruction 1
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Near synonyms 1 word
- חֵטְא chêṭᵉʼ · H2399 · guilt, sin
- Both are Hebrew words for categories of sin and guilt, with overlapping semantic range: חֵטְא (chêṭᵉʼ, H2399) and אָשָׁם (ʼâshâm, H817).
Semantic domains 3 entries
- Guilty002003003014
- אָשָׁם names guilt itself, as in Abimelech's protest that someone's action might have brought guilt upon his household.
- Objects001
- The word also designates the physical object brought as restitution or offering, the tangible guilt offering itself.
- Sacrifice002003002021
- אָשָׁם most often names the guilt offering specifically, the sacrificial animal or item prescribed in Leviticus for atonement.
Word family 4 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H817. asham אָשָׁם noun masculine offence, guilt — ׳א Gen 26:10 37t., suffix אֲשָׁמוֺ Num…
אָשָׁם noun masculine offence, guilt — ׳א Gen 26:10 37t., suffix אֲשָׁמוֺ Num 5:7 Num 5:7t.; —
1 offence, trespass, fault Psa 68:22 (guiltiness RV).
2 guilt Gen 26:10 (J) Pro 14:9; Jer 51:5.
3 compensation, אֵלָיו הָאָשָׁם לְהָשִׁיב to whom to return the compensation (or satisfaction for injury) Num 5:7-8, (P; restitution for guilt RV).
4 trespass-offering (AV, but guilt-offering RV) used only in Leviticus 5; Lev 6:10; Lev 7:1; Lev 14:1; Lev 19:21-22, Num 5:1; Num 6:12; Num 18:9 (P), & Eze 40:39; Eze 42:13; Eze 44:29; Eze 46:20, compare Ezr 10:19. This offering seems to have been confined to offences against God or man that could be estimated and so covered by compensation. The ordinary trespass-offering was a ram, together with restitution and a penalty of a fifth of its value. The trespass-offerings of the leper and Nazirite were he-lambs Leviticus 14 Num 6:12; if the person who suffered wrong or his kinsmen were not living the fine went to the priests. The victims were offered, the blood and fat pieces going to the altar, the skin and flesh to the priests. There seems to have been no application of the blood to the horns of the altar (the chief ceremony of the sin-offering) because the guilt was not expiated at the altar but by compensation to the wronged person or his representative. A part of the blood of the leper's trespass-offering was applied to his person to consecrate him (as in the case of the ram of consecration to consecrate the priests Lev 8:23). The trespass-offering is unknown to J E D and the older Hebrew literature. However, the Philistines send an אשׁם of golden mice and tumours 1Sa 6:3-4, 1Sa 6:8, 1Sa 6:17, and an אשׁם of money was given to the priests 2Ki 12:17, but these are entirely different from the trespass-offering of P. The Messianic servant offers himself as an אשׁם in compensation for the sins of the people, interposing for them as their substitute Isa 53:10 (incorrectly, sin-offering AV RV). See further OehlerOT Theol. § 137 Di Lev 5:14.
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 3 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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