עָבַד

H5647. abad
עָבַד290 verb work, serve (Old Aramaic עבד do make, especially Nabataean, Palmyrene (often), Lzb331f. Cook86, so עֲבַד ᵑ7, Syriac (very often); but also Old Aramaic Phoenician עבד slave, vassal (and in many proper names), עַבְדָּא ᵑ7, Syriac id.; Assyrian abdu, id. (rare); Late Hebrew עָבַד serve, performs acts of worship (with accusative of congnate meaning with verb), and derivatives; Arabic worship, obey (God); compare WeSkizzen iii. 165; Heid. 141, II. enslave; slave, worshiper; Sabean עבד id. DHMSüdar. Alt. p. 18; GerberVerb. Denom. 14 ff. thinks be slave, serve (Qal) and enslave (Hiph`il) are denominative, compare also NöZMG xl (1886), 741); —
Qal272 Perfect3masculine singular ׳ע Eze 29:18 +; suffix עֲבָדוֺ Mal 3:18 +; 3 masculine plural עָֽבְדוּ Deu 7:4; עָבָ֑דוּ Num 4:26, + 64 t. Perfect; Imperfect3masculine singular יַעֲבֹד Gen 25:23 +; suffix יַעַבְדֵ֫נִי Exo 4:23; יַעַבְדֶ֫נּוּ Psa 22:31; 2Ki 10:18; 2Ki 10:3masculine plural יַעַבְדוּ Deu 12:30 +; יַעֲבֹ֑דוּ Gen 15:14 (Dr§ 103) Job 36:11; Job 36:2masculine plural תַּעַבְדוּן Exo 3:12, תַּעֲבֹד֑וּן Jos 24:15, + 99 t. Imperfect; (נָָֽעָבְדֵם תָּעָבְדֵם, see
Hoph`al); Imperative עֲבֹד 1Sa 26:19; suffix עָבְדֵהוּ 1Ch 28:9; עִבְדוּ Exo 5:18 Exo 5:15t.; עֲבֹ֑דוּ Eze 20:39; suffix עִבְדֻהוּ 1Sa 7:3; Infinitive construct עֲבֹד Mal 3:14 +; עֲבָדֿ Jer 34:9-10, suffix עָבְדוֺ Jer 27:6 +, etc.; Participle עֹבֵד Gen 4:2 +; plural עֹבְדִים Num 18:21 +; construct עֹבְדֵי Psa 97:7 +; suffix עֹבְדָיו 2Ki 10:19; עֹבְדֵיהֶם Zec 2:13; —
1 labour, work, do work: absolute Exo 20:9 = Exo 34:21 = Deu 5:13 (4th word); Exo 5:18 (E) Ecc 5:11; with accusative of thing, till the ground Gen 2:5; Gen 3:23; Gen 4:2, Gen 4:12 (J), 2Sa 9:10; Isa 30:24; Jer 27:11; Zec 13:5; Pro 12:11; Pro 28:19 object omitted Deu 15:19; Eze 48:19; vineyard Deu 28:39; garden Gen 2:16 (J); פִשְׁתִּים עֹבְרֵי Isa 19:9 workers in flax; הָעִיר עֹבְדֵ(יׅ Eze 48:18-19, labourers of the city; ׳ע עֲבֹדָתוֺ Isa 28:21 work his work (only here of God, || מַעֲשֵׂהוּ עשׂה); ׳ע על עבדה Eze 29:18 serve a military service against.
2 work for another, serve him by labour: absolute Exo 21:2 (E); with accusative pers Gen 29:15; Gen 31:6; Exo 21:6 (E) Deu 15:12, Deu 15:18; Mal 3:17; Jer 34:14, king his people 1Ki 12:7; subject animals Jer 27:6; Job 39:9; with accusative of person and thing Gen 30:26 (twice in verse); Gen 30:29 (J); with לְ person 2Sa 16:19; עִם Gen 29:25, Gen 29:30 (E) Lev 25:40 (P); עִמָּדִי Gen 29:27 (E); לִפְנֵי 2Sa 16:19 (twice in verse); with בְּ of price Gen 29:18, Gen 29:20, Gen 29:25; Gen 31:41 (E) Hos 12:13; Eze 29:20; with בְּ personwork by means of another, use him as slave, Exo 1:14; Lev 25:39, Lev 25:46 (P) Jer 22:13; Jer 25:14; Jer 27:7; Jer 30:8; Jer 34:9-10,.
3 serve as subjects: usually with accusative, their own chiefs or kings Jdg 9:28 (twice in verse); Jdg 9:38; 1Sa 11:1; 1Ki 5:1 +; other kings, by tribute Psa 18:44 = 2Sa 22:44; Jer 27:7; Jer 28:14; 2Ki 25:24 +, other nations 2Sa 10:19; Jer 40:9; Zec 2:13 +, kings other kings 2Ki 18:7 +, with לְ, 1Sa 4:9 (twice in verse); עֹבֵד מַס Gen 49:15 (J) Jos 16:10; 1Ki 9:21 (see מַס); with בְּ person, work with, i.e. use as subjects, impose tribute upon, Jer 25:14; Jer 27:7; Jer 30:8; Eze 34:27.
4 serve God:
a. with accusative ׳י, Exo 3:12; Exo 4:23; Exo 7:16; Exodus 7:26 (JE), Psa 22:31; Job 21:15; Mal 3:14 +; with accusative of person and thing Exo 10:26 (E); accusative of person omitted, Jer 2:20 (read אֶעֱבוֺד Kt), ומנחה זבח עבד Isa 19:21 serve with peace-offering and grain-offering; עֲבֹדָה עבד Exo 13:5 (of מַצֹּת).
b. other gods, with accusative ׳א Deu 7:16; Deu 12:2, Deu 12:30 ; אחרים אלהים Deu 7:4; Deu 8:19; Deu 11:16; Deu 13:7; Deu 13:14; Deu 17:3; Deu 28:14, Deu 28:36, Deu 28:64; Deu 29:25; Deu 30:17; Deu 31:20; Jos 23:16; Jos 24:2, Jos 24:16; Jdg 2:10; Jdg 10:13; 1Sa 8:8; 1Sa 26:19; 1Ki 9:6, 1Ki 9:9; 2Ki 17:35; 2Ch 7:19, 2Ch 7:22; Jer 11:10; Jer 13:10; Jer 16:11, Jer 16:13; Jer 22:9; Jer 25:6; Jer 35:15 (all D and Jeremiah); הַגּוֺיִם אֱלֹהֵי Deu 29:17; זָרִים Jer 5:19; השׁמים צבא כל Deu 4:19; 2Ki 21:3; 2Ch 33:3; Jer 8:2; הבעל(יםׅ Jdg 2:11; Jdg 3:7; Jdg 10:6; Jdg 10:10; 1Sa 12:10; 1Ki 16:31; 1 Kings 22:54; 2Ki 10:18 (twice in verse); 2Ki 10:19 (twice in verse); 2Ki 10:21-22, 2Ki 10:23 (twice in verse); 2Ki 17:16; נֵכָר אלהי Jos 24:20; Jer 5:19; (הַ)גִּלּוּלִים 2Ki 17:12; 2Ki 21:21 (twice in verse); Eze 20:39; האשׁרים2Ch 24:18; עצבים Psa 106:36; פסיל(יםׅ2Ch 33:22; 2Ki 17:41; פסל 2Ki 97:7; with לְ, לבעל Jdg 2:13; אחרים לאלהים Jer 44:3.
5 serve ׳י with Levilical service (all P; compare RSSem i. 69): with accusative עֲבֹדָה עבד (see עֲבֹדָה) Num 3:7-8, Num 4:23, Num 4:30, Num 4:47; Num 7:5; Num 8:11, Num 8:19, Num 8:22, Num 8:26; Num 16:9; Num 18:6, Num 18:21, Num 18:23; Jos 22:27; accusative omitted Num 4:24, Num 4:26, Num 4:37, Num 4:41; Num 8:15 (but עבדה ᵐ5 ⅏), Num 8:25; Num 18:7.
Niph`al Perfect3masculine singular נֶעְבָּ֑ד Ecc 5:8; Ecc 5:2masculine plural נֶעֱבַדְתֶּם Eze 36:9; Imperfect3masculine singular יֵעָבֵד Deu 21:4; Deu 21:3feminine singular תֵּעָבֵד Eze 36:34; —
1 be tilled, of land Deu 21:4; Eze 36:9, Eze 36:34.
2 Ecc 5:8 נֶעְבָּ֑ד לְשָׂדֶה מֶלֶךְ dubious: a king for (devoted to) the cultivated field (Hi); a king that maketh himself servant to the field (devoted to agriculture), Desee Commentaries, especially De.
Pual Perfect3masculine singular עֻבַּד Deu 21:3; Isa 14:3; passive of
Qal, with בְּ impersonal Deu 21:3 of a calf with which it has not been worked; hard service with which it was worked with captives Isa 14:3.
Hiph`il Perfect3masculine singular הֶעֱבִיד Eze 29:18; Eze 29:2masculine singular suffix הֶעֱבַדְתַּ֫נִי Isa 43:24, הֶעֱבַדְתִּיךָ Isa 43:23, וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ Jer 17:4; Imperfect3masculine singular וַיַּעֲבֵד2Ch 34:33; 2Ch 34:3 masculine plural יַעֲבִדוּ Exo 1:13;
Infinitive construct הַעֲבִיד2Ch 2:17; Participle plural מַעֲבִדִים Exo 6:15; —
1 compel to labour as slaves Exo 1:13; Exo 6:5 (P) 2Ch 2:17, + Gen 47:21 (reading לַעֲבָדִים הֶעֱבִיד), 2Sa 12:31 (reading וְהֶעֱבִיד + בְּ at; on both these see עבר
Hiph`il near the end); cause to serve, of army's service against, with accusative + (על)אל Eze 29:18; cause to labour, weary, with בְּ of means Isa 43:23-24, (perhaps play on meanings 2, 3).
2 make to serve as subjects, with 2 accusative Jer 17:4, + Jer 15:14 (read וְהַעֲבַרְתִּיךָ see עבר
Hiph`il near the end).
3 cause to serve God 2Ch 34:33.
Hoph`al Imperfect2masculine singular suffix תָּֽעָבְדֵם Exo 20:5 = Deu 5:9; Exo 23:24; Exo 23:1plural suffix נָָֽעָבְדֵם Deu 13:3 (Köi. 259 Sta§ 549 g Thes; < NesMarg. 12 f. Qal anomalously pointed (compare WAG. ed. 2, i, 62 n. FlKl. Schr. i. 98); Ges§ 60 R. 1 Dr Qal falsely pointed as Hoph`al); — be led or enticed to serve other gods Exo 20:5 = Deu 5:9; Exo 23:24; Deu 13:8.