כָּלַם
kâlam · H3637 · Hebrew · 38 occurrences
Meanings
-
to be ashamed, to be disgraced
State in which humans experience a feeling of shame, as a result of their own actions or because of what other have done
Examples2 Samuel 10:5 When messengers informed David, he sent servants to meet them, because the men were extremely humiliated. And the king said, “Stay in Jericho until your beards grow back, and then you shall return.”
Judges 18:7 So the five men departed and came to Laish, and saw the people who were in it living in security, in the way of the Sidonians, quiet and unsuspecting; for there was no oppressive ruler humiliating them for anything in the land, and they were far from the Sidonians and had no dealings with anyone.
2 Samuel 19:3 And the people entered the city surreptitiously that day, just as people who are humiliated surreptitiously flee in battle.
How it’s used In 8 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Who or what does itSubject
32 occurrences in 16 groups
- Not stated: you (one person) 5
- Not stated: you (more than one) 4
- Not stated (participle) 4
- Not stated: I 3
- Not stated: they 3
- Other words · 11 groups that occur once or twice (14) 14
What it acts on, or what is saidObject
8 occurrences in 8 groups
- אָבfather 1
- דָּבָרword, thing, matter 1
- נִיme 1
- ךָּyou 1
- וֹhim 1
- הָher 1
With prepositionsPrepositional phrases
10 occurrences in 8 groups
- מִןfrom+ דֶּרֶךְway, road 2
- מִןfrom+ כֹּלall, every, whole 2
- מִןfrom+ עָוֺןiniquity 1
- מִןfrom+ רַעevil, bad 1
- עַדto, as far as, until+ עוֹלָםforever 1
- בin/on/with+ לָקַחto take, to receive 1
With adverbsAdverbs
11 occurrences in 4 groups
- לֹאnot 6
- מְאֹדvery 2
- אַלnot, do not 2
- אָזat that time 1
Named alongside itApposition
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- שָׂנֵאto hate 1
What is done to itIt is the object
5 occurrences in 3 groups
- הָיָהto be, to become 2
- יָדַעto know 2
- מָאֵןto refuse 1
What it is said to bePredicate
2 occurrences in 1 groups
- אַיִןthere is no, not 2
After prepositionsPrepositional phrases
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- בin/on/with 1
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Near synonyms 1 word
- בּוּשׁ bûwsh · H954 · to be ashamed, to come to shame, to be put to shame
- Both words denote the emotional and social state of shame, humiliation and confusion, as in being ashamed or put to shame.
In the other Testament 2 words
- ἐντρέπω entrépō · G1788 · to shame, to embarrass, to respect
- Greek ἐντρέπω emphasizes the reactive psychological state of being turned inward in shame or confusion, while Hebrew כָּלַם encompasses both the internal experience of shame and the external causative action of putting someone to shame or reproach.
- ἀτιμόω atimóō · G821 · to maltreat
- Greek ἀτιμόω specifically denotes dishonoring or treating shamefully through active maltreatment, whereas Hebrew כָּלַם encompasses the broader psychological state of shame/humiliation as well as the causative act of shaming, making ἀτιμόω a narrower register of the causative sense focused on active degrading treatment.
Semantic domains 1 entry
- Shame002001002025
- This word denotes being ashamed, confounded, or put to public disgrace, so it belongs squarely among words for shame.
Word family 3 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H3637. kalam [כָּלַם] verb only Niph`al, Hoph`al be humiliated, Hiph`il humiliate (Late…
[כָּלַם] verb only
Niph`al, Hoph`al be humiliated,
Hiph`il humiliate (Late Hebrew Hiph`il, id.; Aramaic כְּלַם Aph`el, Ithpe`el; Arabic is wound; also speak to, converse with); —
Niph`al Perfect2feminine singular וְנִכְלַמְתְּ consecutive Jer 22:22 Jer 22:2t.; 1 singular נִכְלַמְתִּי Jer 31:19; Ezr 9:6, נִכְלָ֑מְתִּי Isa 50:7; Isa 50:3plural נִכְלְמוּ Isa 45:16 Isa 45:2t.; Imperfect3feminine singular תִּכָּלֵם Num 12:14; Num 12:2feminine singular תִּכָּֽלְמִי Isa 54:4; Isa 54:3masculine plural יִכָּֽלְמוּ Isa 41:11 Isa 41:5t.; 2 masculine plural תִּכָּֽלְמוּ Isa 45:17; Imperative masculine plural הִכָּֽלְמוּ Eze 36:32; Infinitive construct הִכָּלֵם Jer 3:3; Jer 8:12; Participle נִכְלָם Psa 74:21; masculine plural נִכְלָמִים 2Sa 10:5 2Sa 10:2t.; feminine plural נִכְלָמוֺת Eze 16:27>; — be humiliated, ashamed, put to shame, dishonoured, confounded:
1 be humiliated, ashamed, before men Num 12:14 (E), 2Sa 10:5 = 1Ch 19:5; 2Sa 19:4, compare Psa 74:21; before enemies (by defeat, etc.) Isa 45:17 (|| בושׁ), Isa 50:7; Isa 54:4 (|| חפר בושׁ,); before God, followed by לְ infinitive, אֵלֶיךָ מָּנַי לְהָרִים אֱלֹהַי וְנִכְלַמְתִּי Ezr 9:6 (|| בושׁ); Jer 3:3; Eze 16:27, Eze 16:54 (|| כְלִמָּה נָשָׂא), Eze 43:10-11, (all + מִן causative) Eze 16:61, so probably Levites, at Hezekiah's reforms 2Ch 30:5.
2 be put to shame, dishonoured, confounded, by judgments of ׳י, all || בושׁ: Jer 22:22 (מִן of cause), Eze 36:32 (id.), Jer 31:19 (כִּי of cause), Jer 8:12; Isa 41:11; Isa 45:16 (+ בַּכְּלִמָּה הָלַךְ), Psa 35:4; Psa 69:7; + חפר Psa 40:15; Psa 70:3.
Hiph`il Perfect3masculine singular suffix הִכְּלִמוֺ 1Sa 20:34; 1Sa 20:3masculine plural suffix הֶכְלַמְנוּם (Ges§ 53, 3 R. 6) 1Sa 25:7; Imperfect יַכְלִים Pro 28:7; Pro 28:2masculine singular suffix וַתַּכְלִימֵנוּ Psa 44:10; Psa 44:2masculine plural suffix תַּכְלִימוּנִי Job 19:3, מֿוּהָ Rth 2:15; Infinitive construct הַכְלִים Jer 6:15; Pro 25:8; Participle מַכְלִים Jdg 18:7 (but see below), מַכְלִם Job 11:3; —
1 put to shame = insult, humiliate, with accusative 1Sa 20:34; 1Sa 25:7 (compare Hoph`al 1Sa 25:15) Rth 2:15; Job 19:3; humiliate by rebuke Job 11:3; humiliate by defeat Pro 25:8; Psa 44:10; cause shame to Pro 28:7; — Jdg 18:7 is corrupt (see Be VB GFM; Be proposes כלדֿבר מַחְסוֺר there was no lack of anything, for ד ׳מַכְלִים ᵑ0; GFM conjectures מִדָּבָר מְכַלֵּא there is no one to restrain (us) from anything in the land).
2 exhibit shame Jer 6:15 (|| בוֺשׁ).
Hoph`al Perfect
11plural הָכְלַמְנוּ לֹא 1Sa 25:15 we were not insulted, humiliated (compare Hiph`il 1).
23plural חָכְלְמוּ Jer 14:3 they were put to shame, dishonoured, confounded (|| בושׁ).
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 1 entry
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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