יְהֹוָה

H3068. Yhvh
יהוהc. 6823 i.e. יַהְוֶה
proper name, of deity Yahweh, the proper name of the God of Israel — (
1 יְהוָֺה ᵑ0C518 (Qr אֲדֹנָי), or יֱהוִֺה305 (Qr אֱלֹהִים), in the combinations יהוה אדני & אדני יהוה (see אֲדֹנֶי), and with preposition מֵיהוָֺה לַיהוָֺה, בַּיהוָֺה, (Qr מֵאדֹנָי לַאדֹנָי, בַּאדֹנָי,), do not give the original form. ᵐ5 and other Vrss follow the Qr. On the basis of Exo 20:7; Lev 24:11 יהוה was regarded as a nomen ineffabile (see Philode Vita Mosis iii. 519, 529), called by the Jews הַשֵּׁם and by the Samaritans שׁימא. The pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520, when it was introduced by Galatinus; but it was contested by Le Mercier, J. Drusius, and L. Capellus, as against grammatical and historical propriety (compare Bö§ 88). The traditional Ἰαβέ of Theodoret and Epiphanius, the יְהוֺֿ יָֿהוּ, of compound proper name and the contracted form יָהּ all favour יַהְוֶךְ (compare יַהֲלֹמ֑וּן Psa 74:6; תַּהֲרוּ Isa 33:11), see LagSym i.14 BaudStudien i.179 ff.; DrStud.Bib.i.1 ff. For Jeve see StaZAW 1881, 346 Deib.1882, 173 f. & Gn. Excurs. ii.
2 on literature of interpretations see NesEg.67 Drl.c. — Many recent scholars explain יַהְוֶה as Hiph`il of היה (=היה) the one bringing into being, life-giver (compare חַוָּה Gen 3:20) Schr HSch; giver of existence, creator, Kue Tiele; he who brings to pass (so already Le Clerc),performer of his promises, Lag, NesEg.88 (but NesEg.91 inclines to Qal as RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev see below); or from היה he who causes to fall, rain or lightning RSOTJC.ed.1, 423; om.ed.2, 245, compare WeSkizzen iii.175; 'Fäller,' destroying foes, StaG.i.429 (dubiously). But most take it as Qal of הוה (= היה); the one who is: i.e. the absolute and unchangeable one, Ri; the existing, ever living, as self-consistent and unchangeable, Di; or the one ever coming into manifestation as the God of redemption, De Oehl; compare also RSBrit. & For. Ev. Rev. 1876, he will be it, i.e all that his servants look for (compare Ewinfr), he will approve himself (give evidence of being, assert his being Drl.c.17)). **Theories of non-Hebrew or non-Semitic origin, opposed (in their older forms) by BauRel. i. 181 ff. (see especially 230); DlPa 162 ff. claimed Babylonian origin for יהו, against this Kuenational Religions, etc., Note iv (Eng. Trans. 329 ff.) JastrJBL xiil {1894}, 103 f. compare HptBAS i. 170 N; DlBabel u. Bibel, 46 f., 73 f. makes same claim for יהוה, against this see especially HirschZAW xxiil {1903}, 355 ff. ZimKATS. 465 ff.; SpiegelbZMG:liii {1899}, 633 ff. proposes (improbable) Egyptian etymology for יהוה; further discussions see in KöEB NAMES, § 112 and n.3. 'Jehovah' found in Jacob (? Johannes) Wessel († 1480), according to SchwThLZ, 1905, col. 612.
I. יהוה is not used by E in Genesis, but is given Exo 3:12-15 as the name of the God who revealed Himself to Moses at Horeb, and is explained thus : עִמָּ֑ךְ אֶהְיֶה I shall be with thee (Exo 3:12), which is then implied in אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה I shall be the one who will be it Exo 3:14a (i.e: with thee Exo 3:12) and then compressed into אֶהְיֶה Exo 3:14b (i.e. with thee Exo 3:12), which then is given in the nominal form יהוה He who will be it Exo 3:15 (i.e. with thee Exo 3:12). compare EwBTh ii. 337, 338 RSl.c., Proph. 385 ff. Other interpretations are: I am he who I am, i.e. it is no concern of yours (Le Clerc LagPsalt.Hieron.156); I am (this is my name), inasmuch as I am (אֲשֶׁר = כִּי; AE JDMich WeJD Th xxi, 540 = compare Hexateuch 72); Di and others I am who I am, he who is essentially unnameable, inexplicable, — E uses יהוה sparingly by the side of אלהים and האלהים in his subsequent narrative. The Ephraimitic writers in Judges Samuel Kings use it in similar proportions. P abstains from the use of יהוה until he gives an account of its revelation to Moses Exo 6:3; but subsequently uses it freely. He gives no explanation of its meaning. He represents that שַׁדַּי אֵל was the God of the patriarchs. J uses יהוה from the beginning of his narrative, possibly explaining it, Genesis 21:83 by עולם אל, the evergreen tamarisk being a symbol of the ever-living God; compare De Gen 21:33. Elsewhere יהוה is the common divine name in pre-exilic writers, but in post-exilic writers gradually falls into disuse, and is supplanted by אלהים and אדני. In Job it is used 31 t. in prose parts, and Job 12:9 (a proverb); not elsewhere in the poem. Chronicles apart from his sources prefers אלהים and האלהים. Daniel uses יהוה only in chap. 9 (7 t.); Ecclesiastes not at all. In the Elohistic group of Psalm 42-83 it is used 39 t. (see אלהים) . It occurs as the name of Israel's God MI18. It is doubtful whether it was used by other branches of the Shemitic family, compare COT Gen 2:4b DlPa 158 ff. DrStud. Bib. i. 7 ff.
II. 1. יהוה is used with אלהים and suffixes, especially in D;
a. with אֱלֹהֶיךָ in the Ten Words Exo 20:2-12 (5 t.) = Deu 5:6-16; in the law of worship of J E, Exo 23:19; Exo 34:24, Exo 34:26; in D 234 t.; Jos 1:9, Jos 1:17; Jos 9:9, Jos 9:24 (D2); elsewhere Gen 27:20; Exo 15:26 (JE), Jdg 6:26; Samuel & Kings 20 t.; 1Ch 11:2; 1Ch 22:11-12, 2Ch 9:8 (twice in verse); 2Ch 16:7; Isa 7:11; Isa 37:4 (twice in verse); Isa 41:13; Isa 43:3; Isa 51:15; Isa 55:5; Jer 40:2 + (3t.); Hos 12:10; Hos 13:4; Hos 14:2; Amo 9:15; Psa 81:11.
b. with אֱלֹהֵיכֶם in D 46 t.; D228t.; H 15 t.; P 15 t.; elsewhere Exo 23:25 (E); Exo 8:24; Exo 10:8, Exo 10:16, Exo 10:17 (JE); Jdg 6:10; 1Sa 12:12, 1Sa 12:14; 2Ki 17:39; 2Ki 23:21; 1Ch 22:18 + (10 t. Chronicles) Psa 76:12; Jer 13:16 + (5 t.) Eze 20:5, Eze 20:7, Eze 20:19, Eze 20:20; Joe 2:13 + (6 t.) Zec 6:15.
c. with אֱלֹהֵינוּ in D 23 t.; in D25t.; Exo 8:6 (JE) Exo 3:18; Exo 5:3; Exo 8:22; Exo 8:23; Exo 10:25-26, (E) Jdg 11:24; 1Sa 7:8; 1Ki 8:57, 1Ki 8:59, 1Ki 8:61, 1Ki 8:65; 2Ki 18:22; 2Ki 19:10 = Isa 36:7; Isa 37:20; 1Ch 13:2 + (15 t. Chronicles) Mic 4:5; Mic 7:17; Isa 26:13; Jer 3:22 + (17 t.) Psa 20:8; Psa 90:17 (?;Baer אֲדנָֹי); Psa 94:23; Psa 99:5; Psa 99:8; Psa 99:9 (twice in verse); Psa 105:7; Psa 106:47; Psa 113:5; Psa 122:9; Psa 123:2; Dan 9:10, Dan 9:13, Dan 9:14.
d. with אֱלֹהֵיהֶם Exo 10:7 (J) Exo 29:46 (twice in verse); Lev 26:44 (P) Jdg 3:7; Jdg 8:34; 1Sa 12:9; 1Ki 9:9; 2Ki 17:7, 2Ki 17:9, 2Ki 17:14, 2Ki 17:16, 2Ki 17:19; 2Ki 18:12; 2Ch 31:6; 2Ch 33:17; 2Ch 34:33; Neh 9:3 (twice in verse); Neh 9:4; Jer 3:21; Jer 22:9; Jer 30:9; Jer 43:1 (twice in verse); Jer 50:4; Eze 28:26; Eze 34:30; Eze 39:22, Eze 39:28; Hos 1:7; Hos 3:5; Hos 7:10; Zep 2:7; Hag 1:12 (twice in verse); Zec 9:16; Zec 10:6.
e. with אֱלֹהָיו Num 23:21 (E) Exo 32:11 (J) Lev 4:22 (P) Deu 17:19; Deu 18:7; 1Sa 30:6; 1Ki 5:17; 1Ki 11:4; 1Ki 15:3-4, 2Ki 5:11; 2Ki 16:2; 2Ch 1:1 2Ch 1:13t. Chronicles; Mic 5:3; Jer 7:28; Psa 33:12; Psa 144:15; Psa 146:5; Jon 2:2.
f. with אֱלֹהַי Num 22:18 (JE) Deu 4:5; Deu 18:16; Deu 26:14; Jos 14:8-9, 2Sa 24:24; 1Ki 3:7; 1Ki 5:18; 1 Kings 5:19; 1Ki 8:28; 1Ki 17:20-21, 1Ch 21:17; 1Ch 22:7; 2Ch 2:3; 2Ch 6:19; Ezr 7:28; Ezr 9:5; Psa 7:2; Psa 7:4; Psa 13:4; Psa 18:29; Psa 30:3; Psalm 30:13; Psa 35:24; Psa 40:6; Psa 104:1; Psa 109:26; Isa 25:1; Jer 31:18; Dan 9:4, Dan 9:20; Jon 2:7; Hab 1:12; Zec 11:4; Zec 13:9; Zec 14:5.
g. with אֱלֹהַיִךְ Isa 60:9; Jer 2:17, Jer 2:19; Jer 3:13; Mic 7:10; Zep 3:17.
h. with אלהים, probably always due to later editors, or to a Qr which has crept into the text Gen 2:4b — Gen 3:23 (J, 20 t. either אלהים inserted by RP as Di De; or יהוה inserted by J in an older source); Exo 9:30 (J, but not in ⅏ ᵐ5; Samaritan יהוה אדני; possibly ᵑ0 from earlier Qr, & ⅏ from later Qr); 2Sa 7:22, 2Sa 7:25 (יהוה אדני ᵐ5 and 1Ch 17:20-23 only יהוה); 1Ch 17:16-17, (but 2Sa 7:18-19, יהוה אדני) 1Ch 28:20; 1Ch 29:1; 2Ch 1:9; 2Ch 6:41 (twice in verse); 2Ch 6:42; 2Ch 26:18 (but in the original Psa 132:8 stood יהוה (so ℌ), or else no divine name); Psa 72:18 (the late doxology) Psa 84:12 (but it makes the line too long); Jon 4:6. For the combinations with other divine names see those names.
2 the phrase יהוה אֲנִי is noteworthy: —
a. after אמר either alone Exo 6:2, Exo 6:29 (P) or before relative and other clauses: Gen 28:13 (J) Gen 15:7 (R) Exo 6:6 (P) with אלהיכם Jdg 6:10; Eze 20:5.
b. after כי ידע (α) Exo 7:17; Exo 8:18; Exo 10:2 (J); Exo 7:5; Exo 14:4, Exo 14:18 (P); 1Ki 20:13, 1Ki 20:28; Jer 24:7; Eze 6:7 48t. Ezekiel; (β) with אלהיכם Exo 6:7; Exo 16:12; Deu 29:5 (P) Exo 20:20; Joel 4:17; (γ) with אלהיהם Exo 29:46 (P) Eze 28:26; Eze 34:30; Eze 39:22, Eze 39:28; (δ) before relative and other clauses Isa 45:3; Isa 49:23, Isa 49:26; Isa 60:16; Eze 7:9; Eze 17:24; Eze 21:10; Eze 22:22; Eze 35:12; Eze 36:36; (ε) with various forms of קדשׁ Exo 31:13 (P) Eze 20:12; Eze 37:28; Eze 39:7; (ζ) with דברתי Eze 5:13; Eze 17:21, compare י אני אשׁר ׳יֵדְעוּ Eze 20:26.
c. after כִּי in various combinations Lev 11:44-45, Num 35:34 (P), Lev 20:7, Lev 20:26; Lev 21:8, Lev 21:15, Lev 21:23; Lev 22:16; Lev 24:22; Lev 25:17; Lev 26:1, Lev 26:44 (all H); Exo 15:26 (R) Isa 41:13; Isa 43:3; Isa 61:8; Jer 9:23; Eze 12:25; Eze 21:4; Zec 10:6; Mal 3:6.
d. emphatic Exo 6:8; Exo 12:12; Lev 26:2, Lev 26:45; Num 3:13, Num 3:41, Num 3:45 (all P); Lev 18:5-6, Lev 18:21; Lev 19:12, Lev 19:14, Lev 19:16, Lev 19:18, Lev 19:28, Lev 19:30, Lev 19:32, Lev 19:37; Lev 21:12; Lev 22:2-3, Lev 22:8, Lev 22:30, Lev 22:31, Lev 22:33 (all H) Isa 43:15; with אלהיהם Exo 29:46; with אלהיךָ Isa 48:17; with אלהיכם Lev 23:43; Lev 25:38, Lev 25:55; Num 10:10; Num 15:41 (twice in verse) (P) Lev 18:2, Lev 18:4, Lev 18:30; Lev 19:2-3, Lev 19:4, Lev 19:10, Lev 19:25, Lev 19:31, Lev 19:34, Lev 19:36; Lev 20:24; Lev 23:22; Lev 26:13 (all H) Eze 20:7, Eze 20:19; Joe 2:27; with מְקַדֵּשׁ Lev 20:8; Lev 22:9, Lev 22:32 (H), with דברתי Num 14:35 (P) Eze 5:15 + (11 t. Ezekiel); with clauses Isa 27:3; Isa 41:4, Isa 41:17; Isa 42:6, Isa 42:8; Isa 45:5-6, Isa 45:7, Isa 45:8, Isa 45:18, Isa 45:19, Isa 45:21; Isa 60:22; Jer 17:10; Jer 32:27; Eze 14:4, Eze 14:7, Eze 14:9; Eze 34:24; יהוה אָנֹכִי is used in the Ten Words Exo 20:2, Exo 20:5 = Deu 5:6, Deu 5:9 cited Psa 81:11; Hos 12:10; Hos 13:4; elsewhere only Exo 4:11 (J) Isa 43:11; Isa 44:24; Isa 51:15.
3 יהוה is also used with several predicates, to form sacred names of holy places of Yahweh יראה יהוה Gen 22:14 (J); נסי יהוה Exo 17:15 (E) שׁלים יהוה Jdg 6:24 צדקנו יהוה Jer 33:16 (compare Jer 23:6 where it is applied to the Messiah); שָׁ֑מָּה יהוה Eze 48:35.