ὑπό
hypó · G5259 · Greek · 220 occurrences
Meanings
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under
A position below another position or object
ExamplesMatthew 5:15 nor do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on the lampstand, and it gives light to all who are in the house.
Matthew 8:8 But the centurion replied, “Lord, I am not worthy for You to come under my roof, but just say the word, and my servant will be healed.
Matthew 23:37 “Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those who have been sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, the way a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you were unwilling.
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under, under the control of, under obligation to
(With the accusative) A marker of a controlling person, institution, or power
ExamplesMatthew 8:9 “For I also am a man under authority, with soldiers under me; and I say to this one, ‘Go!’ and he goes, and to another, ‘Come!’ and he comes, and to my slave, ‘Do this!’ and he does it.”
Luke 7:8 “For I also am a man placed under authority, with soldiers under myself; and I say to this one, ‘Go!’ and he goes, and to another, ‘Come!’ and he comes, and to my slave, ‘Do this!’ and he does it.”
Romans 3:9 What then? Are we better than they? Not at all; for we have already charged that both Jews and Greeks are all under sin;
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by
(With the genitive) A marker of agent or force, whether person or event
ExamplesMatthew 1:22 Now all this took place so that what was spoken by the Lord through the prophet would be fulfilled:
Matthew 2:15 He stayed there until the death of Herod; this happened so that what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet would be fulfilled: “OUT OF EGYPT I CALLED MY SON.”
Matthew 2:16 Then when Herod saw that he had been tricked by the magi, he became very enraged, and sent men and killed all the boys who were in Bethlehem and all its vicinity who were two years old or under, according to the time which he had determined from the magi.
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because of, on account of, by reason of
A marker of cause or reason, with focus upon instrumentality, either of objects or events
ExamplesMatthew 11:7 As these disciples of John were going away, Jesus began speaking to the crowds about John: “What did you go out into the wilderness to see? A reed shaken by the wind?
Luke 8:14 “And the seed which fell among the thorns, these are the ones who have heard, and as they go on their way they are choked by worries, riches, and pleasures of this life, and they bring no fruit to maturity.
1 Thessalonians 2:14 For you, brothers and sisters, became imitators of the churches of God in Christ Jesus that are in Judea, for you also endured the same sufferings at the hands of your own countrymen, even as they did from the Jews,
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about, at
A marker of the approximate time of a period (a rare usage)
ExamplesActs 5:21 Upon hearing this, they entered into the temple area about daybreak and began to teach. Now when the high priest and his associates came, they called the Council together, that is, all the Senate of the sons of Israel, and sent orders to the prison for them to be brought.
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to be condemned, to suffer condemnation, to be judged guilty
(An idiom, literally: to fall under judgment) To be condemned for acting contrary to laws and regulations
ExamplesJames 5:12 But above all, my brothers and sisters, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or with any other oath; but your yes is to be yes, and your no, no, so that you do not fall under judgment.
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on earth
(An idiom, literally: under the sky) Pertaining to being on the earth
ExamplesActs 2:5 Now there were Jews residing in Jerusalem, devout men from every nation under heaven.
Acts 4:12 “And there is salvation in no one else; for there is no other name under heaven that has been given among mankind by which we must be saved.”
Colossians 1:23 if indeed you continue in the faith firmly established and steadfast, and not shifting from the hope of the gospel that you have heard, which was proclaimed in all creation under heaven, and of which I, Paul, was made a minister.
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under the complete control of
To be under the complete control of someone
ExamplesRomans 16:20 The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.
1 Corinthians 15:25 For He must reign until He has put all His enemies under His feet.
1 Corinthians 15:27 For HE HAS PUT ALL THINGS IN SUBJECTION UNDER HIS FEET. But when He says, “All things are put in subjection,” it is clear that this excludes the Father who put all things in subjection to Him.
How it’s used
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 1 word
- תַּחַת tachath · H8478 · under, underneath, below
- Hebrew תַּחַת and Greek ὑπό both denote spatial position 'under/beneath' and grammatical substitution ('instead of'), serving as direct cross-linguistic equivalents across prepositional and locative contexts.
Semantic domains 9 entries
- On earth1.43
- Acts 4:12 declares there is no other name “under heaven” given among men by which salvation comes.
- Under, under the control of, under obligation to37.7
- Matthew 8:9 has the centurion describe himself as “a man under authority”, with soldiers under him.
- Under the complete control of37.8
- Romans 6:14 assures believers they are “not under the Law but under grace”.
- To be condemned, to suffer condemnation, to be judged guilty56.32
- Galatians 3:10 states that all who rely on works of the Law “are under a curse”.
- About, at67.161
- Acts 5:21 describes the apostles entering the temple “about daybreak” to teach.
- Under83.51
- Matthew 5:15 warns against lighting a lamp only to put it “under a basket”.
- To be a slave87.80
- Galatians 3:23 describes those “kept in custody under the Law” before faith came.
- Because of, on account of, by reason of89.26
- Hebrews 12:3 speaks of Him who “endured such hostility by sinners against Himself”.
- By90.1
- Matthew 1:22 explains that all this happened to fulfill what was “spoken by the Lord through the prophet”.
Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon (i. e. Latinsub (Curtius, § 393)), preposition, under, in secular authors used with the…
I. with the genitive (cf. Winers Grammar, 364 (342), 368f, (346); Buttmann, § 147, 29), it is used:
1. properly, in a local sense, of situation or position under something higher, as ὑπό χτονος, often from Homer down; ὁ ἐπί γῆς καί ὑπό γῆς χρυσός, Plato, legg. 5, p. 728 a.; hence,
2. metaphorically, of the efficient cause, as that under the power of which an event is conceived of as being; here the Latin uses ἆ or ἀβ, and the English by; thus a. after passive verbs — with the genitive of a person: Mt 1:22; Mt 2:15; Mk 1:5; Mk 2:3; ( L T Tr WH); Lk 2:18; ( Rec.); Jn 10:14 R G; ; Acts 4:11; Acts 15:4; ( L T Tr WH); Rom 15:15 (R G L); 1 Cor 1:11; 2 Cor 1:4, 2 Cor 1:16; Gal 1:11; Eph 2:11; Phm 3:12; 1 Thess 1:4; 2 Thess 2:13; Heb 3:4, and in many other passages; φωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης ὑπό τῆς μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης, when a voice was brought by the majestic glory (cf. R. V. marginal reading), i. e. came down to him from God, 2 Pet 1:17; after γίνομαι, to be done, effected, Lk 9:7 R L in brackets; Lk 13:17; Lk 23:8; Eph 5:12; γίνεται τίνι ἐπιβουλή, Acts 20:3; ἡ ἐπιτιμία ἡ ὑπό τῶν πλειόνων, namely, ἐπιτιμηθεισα, 2 Cor 2:6; — with the genitive of a thing: Mt 8:24; Mt 11:7; Mt 14:24; Lk 7:24; Lk 8:14 (see πορεύω, at the end); Jn 8:9; Acts 27:41; Rom 3:21; Rom 12:21; 1 Cor 10:29; 2 Cor 5:4; Eph 5:13; Col 2:18; Jas 1:14; Jas 2:9; Jas 3:4, Jas 3:6; 2 Pet 2:7, 2 Pet 2:17; Jude 1:12; Rev 6:13.
b. with neuter verbs, and with active verbs which carry a passive meaning: πάσχειν ὑπό τίνος, Mt 17:12; Mk 5:26; 1 Thess 2:14 (Homer, Iliad 11, 119; Thucydides 1, 77; Xenophon, symp. 1, 9; Cyril 6, 1, 36; Hier. 7, 8); ἀπολέσθαι, to perish, 1 Cor 10:9f (very often in secular authors from Herodotus 3, 32 on); ὑπομένειν τί, Heb 12:3 (cf. ἀντιλογία, 2); λαμβάνειν namely, πληγάς, to be beaten, 2 Cor 11:24; after a term purely active, of a force by which something is bidden to be done: ἀποκτεῖναι ἐν ῤομφαία καί ὑπό τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς, by the wild beasts, Rev 6:8 (cf. 9:18 Rec.) (so ὠλεσε θυμόν ὑφ' Ἐκτορος, Homer, Iliad 17, 616; cf. Matthiae, ii., p. 1393; (Buttmann, 341 (293))).
II. with the accusative (Winer's Grammar, § 49, k.);
1. of motion, in answer to the question 'whither?': to come ὑπό τήν στέγην, Mt 8:8; Lk 7:6; ἐπισυνάγειν, Mt 23:37; Lk 13:34; with verbs of putting or placing: Mt 5:15; Mk 4:21; Lk 11:33; 1 Cor 15:25; of placing under or subjecting, Lk 7:8; Rom 7:14; Rom 16:20; 1 Cor 15:27; Gal 3:22; Gal 4:3; Eph 1:22; 1 Pet 5:6; ἔχω τινα ὑπ' ἐμαυτόν, Mt 8:9; Lk 7:8, γίνεσθαι, born under i. e. subject to, Gal 4:4; of falling, tropically, Jas 5:12 (where Rst εἰς ὑπκρισιν).
2. of situation, position, tarrying: after κατασκηνοῦν, Mk 4:32; κάθημαι, Jas 2:3; with the verb εἶναι: (to and under) in a local or proper sense, Jn 1:48(49); Acts 4:12; Rom 3:13; 1 Cor 10:1; ἡ ὑπό (τόν) ὀυρνανος namely, χώρα, Lk 17:24; πάσῃ κτίσει τῇ ὑπό τόν οὐρανοῦ, namely, οὔσῃ, Col 1:23; τά ὑπό τόν οὐρανόν namely, ὄντα, Acts 2:5 (τά ὑπό σελήνην, Philo de vit. Moys. ii., § 12); εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τί, to be under, i. e. subject to the power of, any person or thing: Rom 3:9; Rom 6:14, Rom 6:15; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:10, Gal 3:25; Gal 4:2, Gal 4:21; Gal 5:18; 1 Tim 6:1; ὑπό ἐξουσίαν namely, ὤν, Mt 8:9 (where L WH brackets read ὑπό ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος (set under authority), so also the Sinaiticus manuscript); οἱ ὑπό νόμον, namely, ὄντες, 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 4:5 (ὑπό ἐκπληξιν εἶναι, Protevangelium Jacobi, 18). τηρεῖν τινα, Jude 1:6; φρουρεῖσθαι, Gal 3:23.
3. of time, like the Latinsub (cf.sub vespe. ram), equivalent to about (see examples from the Greek writings in Passow, p. 2111{a}; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. III.)): ὑπό τόν ὄρθρον, about daybreak, Acts 5:21. This preposition occurs with the accusative nowhere else in the N. T. The apostle John uses it only twice with the genitive (Jn 14:21; 3 Jn 1:12 — three times, if Jn 10:14 R G is counted (cf. Jn 8:9)), and once with the accusative (Jn 1:48 (49)).
III. in Composition ὑπό denotes:
1. locality, under: ὑποκάτω, ὑποπόδιον, ὑπωπιάζω, ὑποδέω; of the goal of motion, i. e. ὑπό τί, as ὑποδέχομαι (under one's roof); ὑπολαμβάνω (to receive by standing under); ὑποβάλλω, ὑποτίθημι; tropically, in expressions of subjection, compliance, etc., as ὑπακούω, ὑπακοή, ὑπηκως, ὑπόδικος, ὕπανδρος, ὑπάγω, ὑπολείπω, ὑποχωρέω.
2. small in degree, slightly, as ὑποπνέω.
Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (1889), public domain
Topical studies with this word 7 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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