πρός

a preposition, equivalent to the epic προτί, from πρό and the adverbial suffix τί (cf. the German vor... bin (Curtius, § 381)); it is joined
I. with the accusative, to, toward, Latinad, denoting direction toward a thing, or position and state looking toward a thing (Winer's Grammar, § 49 h., p. 404 (378)); it is used
1. of the goal or limit toward which a movement is directed: πρός τινα or τί, a. properly, after verbs of going, departing, running, coming, etc.: ἄγω, Jn 11:15; ἀναβαίνω, Mk 6:51; Jn 20:17; Acts 15:2; ἀνακάμπτω, Mt 2:12; Acts 18:21; ἀνέρχομαι, Gal 1:17 (L Tr marginal reading ἀπῆλθον); ἀπέρχομαι, Mt 14:25 (Rec.); Mk 3:13, etc.; πρός ἑαυτόν, to his house, Lk 24:12 (T omits; L Tr brackets; WH reject the verse; Tr reads πρός αὐτοῦ; some connect the phrase with θαυμάζων (see 2 b. below)); Jn 20:10 (T Tr αὐτούς, WH αὑτούς (cf. under the word αὑτοῦ, at the end)); γίνεσθαι πρός τινα, to come to one, 1 Cor 2:3; 1 Cor 16:10; διαπεράω, Lk 16:26; ἐγγίζω, Mk 11:1; Lk 19:29; εἰσέρχομαι, Mk 6:25; Lk 1:28; Acts 10:3; (πρός τήν Λυδίαν, into the house of Lydia, Acts 16:40 (Rec. εἰς)); etc.; Rev 3:20; εἰσπορεύομαι, Acts 28:30; ἐκπορεύομαι, Mt 3:5; Mk 1:5; ἐξέρχομαι, Jn 18:29, Jn 18:38; 2 Cor 8:17; Heb 13:13; ἐπιστρέφω, to turn (oneself), Acts 9:40; 2 Cor 3:16; 1 Thess 1:9; ἐπισυνάγεσθαι, Mk 1:33; ἔρχομαι, Mt 3:14; Mt 7:15, and often; ἥκω, Jn 6:37; Acts 28:23 (Rec.); καταβαίνω, Acts 10:21; Acts 14:11; Rev 12:12; μεταβαίνω, Jn 13:1; ὀρθρίζω, Lk 21:38; παραγίνομαι, Mt 3:13; Lk 7:4, Lk 7:20; Lk 8:19; Lk 11:6; ( Tdf.); πορεύομαι, Mt 10:6; Lk 11:5; Jn 14:12, etc.; συνάγεσθαι, Mt 13:2; Mt 27:62; Mk 4:1; Mk 6:30; Mk 7:1; συντρέχειν, Acts 3:11; ὑπάγω, Mt 26:18; Mk 5:19; Jn 7:33; Jn 13:3; Jn 16:5, Jn 16:10, Jn 16:16 (T Tr WH omit; L brackets the clause), ; κατευθύνειν τήν ὁδόν,1 Thess 3:11; also after (kindred) nouns: εἴσοδος, 1 Thess 1:9; 1 Thess 2:1; προσαγωγή, Eph 2:18. after verbs of moving, leading, sending, drawing, bringing, directing: ἄγω, Mk 11:7 (R L); Lk 18:40; Jn 1:42 (43); (Jn 18:13 L T Tr WH); Acts 9:27, etc.; ἀπάγω, Mt 26:57 (R. V. to the house of C. (cf. Acts 16:40 above)); Mk 14:53; Jn 18:13 (R G); Acts 23:17; 1 Cor 12:2; (ἐξάγω ἕως πρός (see ἕως, II. 2 c.), Lk 24:50 L text T Tr WH); κατασύρω, Lk 12:58; ἁρπάζω, Rev 12:5; ἑλκύω, Jn 12:32; παραλαμβάνω, Jn 14:3; φέρω, Mk 1:32; Mk 9:17, Mk 9:19, Mk 9:20; (Mk 11:7 T Tr WH); πέμπω, Lk 7:1 (not T WH),19; Acts 25:21 (L T Tr WH ἀναπέμψω), etc. (see πέμπω); ἀναπέμπω, Lk 23:7, Lk 23:15; ἀποστέλλω, Mt 23:34, etc. (see ἀποστέλλω, 1b. and d.); στρέφομαι, Lk 7:44; Lk 23:28. after verbs of falling: πίπτειν πρός τούς πόδας τίνος, Mk 5:22; Mk 7:25; (Acts 5:10 L T Tr WH); Rev 1:17. after other verbs and substantives with which the idea of direction is connected: as ἐπιστολή πρός τινα, Acts 9:2; Acts 22:5; 2 Cor 3:1; ἐντολή, Acts 17:15; ἀνάδειξις, Lk 1:80; κάμπτω τά γόνατα, Eph 3:14; ἐκπετάννυμι τάς χεῖρας, Rom 10:21 (from Isa 65:2); πρόσωπον πρός πρόσωπον, face (turned) to face, i. e. in immediate presence, 1 Cor 13:12 (after the Hebrew, Gen 32:30; Judg 6:22); στόμα πρός στόμα, mouth (turned) to mouth, i. e. in each other's presence, 2 Jn 1:12; 3 Jn 1:14 (see στόμα, 1); λαλεῖν πρός τό οὖς, the mouth being put to the ear, Lk 12:3. after verbs of adding, joining to: προστιθεναι τινα πρός τούς πατέρας, to lay one unto, i. e. bury him by the side of, his fathers, Acts 13:36 (after the Hebrew, 2 Kgs 22:20; Judg 2:10); θάπτειν τινα πρός τινα, Acts 5:10. after verbs of saying (because speech is directed toward someone), invoking, swearing, testifying, making known: with an accusative of the person, ἀνοίγω τό στόμα, 2 Cor 6:11; Lk 1:13, and very often by Luke; Jn 4:48; Jn 7:3, etc.; Heb 1:13; λαλέω, Lk 1:19, Lk 1:55; Lk 2:18, etc.; 1 Thess 2:2; Heb 5:5; Heb 11:18; λέγω, Lk 5:36, etc.; Jn 2:3; Jn 4:15, etc.; Heb 7:21; φημί, Lk 22:70; Acts 2:38 (R G); , etc.; διαλέγομαι, Acts 24:12; ἀποκρίνομαι, Lk 4:4; Acts 3:12; δέομαι, Acts 8:24; βοάω, Lk 18:7 (R G L); αἴρειν φωνήν, Acts 4:24; εὔχομαι, 2 Cor 13:7; ὄμνυμι, Lk 1:73; μάρτυς εἰμί, Acts 13:31; Acts 22:15; δημηγορέω, Acts 12:21; κατηγορέω, to accuse to, bring, as it were, to the judge by accusation, Jn 5:45; ἐμφανίζω, Acts 23:22; γνωρίζεται, be made known unto, Phm 4:6. also after (kindred) substantives (and phrases): ἀπολογία, addressed unto one, Acts 22:1; λόγος, 2 Cor 1:18; λόγος παρακλήσεως, Acts 13:15; ὁ λόγος γίνεται πρός τινα, Jn 10:35 (Gen 15:1, Gen 15:4; Jer 1:2, Jer 1:11; Jer 13:8; Ezek 6:1; Hos 1:1); γίνεται φωνή, Acts 7:31 Rec.; Acts 10:13, Acts 10:15; γίνεται ἐπαγγελία, Acts 13:32 and Rec. in (where L T Tr WH εἰς); προσευχή, Rom 15:30; δέησις, Rom 10:1; προσφέρειν δεήσεις, Heb 5:7. πρός ἀλλήλους after ἀντιβάλλειν λόγους, Lk 24:17; Luke 8taXaXe(p, Lk 6:11; διαλέγεσθαι, Mk 9:34; διαλογίζεσθαι, Mk 8:16; εἰπεῖν, Lk 2:15 ((L marginal reading T WH λαλεῖν)); ; Jn 16:17; Jn 19:24; λέγειν, Mk 4:41; Lk 8:25; Jn 4:33; Acts 28:4; ὁμιλεῖν, Lk 24:14; συλλαλεῖν, Lk 4:36. πρός ἑαυτούς equivalent to πρός ἀλλήλους: after συζητεῖν, Mk 1:27 (T WH text read simply αὐτούς (as subjunctive)); ; Lk 22:23; εἰπεῖν, Mk 12:7; Jn 12:19; λέγειν, Mk 16:3; ἀγανακτεῖν (R. V. had indignation among themselves. saying), Mk 14:4 T WH (cf. Tr); see 2 b. below.
b. of a time drawing toward a given time (cf.
f. below): πρός ἑσπέραν ἐστιν, toward evening, Lk 24:29 (Gen 8:11; Zech 14:7; Plato, de rep. 1, p. 328a.; Josephus, Antiquities 5, 4, 3; πρός ἡμέραν, Xenophon, ahab. 4, 5, 21; Plato, conviv., p. 223 c.); (πρός σάββατον, Mk 15:42 LTr text).
c. metaphorically, of mental direction, with words denoting desires and emotions of the mind, to, toward: ἐνδεικνύειν πραΰτητα, Tit 3:2; μακροθύμειν, 1 Thess 5:14; ἤπιος, 2 Tim 2:24; ἔχθρα, Lk 23:12; πεποίθησιν ἔχειν, 2 Cor 3:4; (ἐλπίδα ἔχων, Acts 24:15 Tdf.); πίστις, 1 Thess 1:8; παρρησία, 2 Cor 7:4; 1 Jn 3:21; 1 Jn 5:14; with verbs signifying the mode of bearing oneself toward a person, ἐργάζεσθαι τό ἀγαθόν, Gal 6:10; τά αὐτά, Eph 6:9 (Xenophon, mem. 1, 1, 6). of a hostile direction, agdainst; so after ἀνταγωνιζεσθα, Heb 12:4; στῆναι, Eph 6:11; λακτίζειν, Acts 9:5 Rec.; (see κέντρον, 2); πάλη, Eph 6:12; μάχεσθαι, Jn 6:52; διακρίνομαι, Acts 11:2; γογγυσμός, Acts 6:1; βλασφημία, Rev 13:6; πικραίνεσθαι, Col 3:19; (ἔχειν τί, Acts 24:19; ἔχειν ζήτημα, ; μομφήν, Col 3:13; πρᾶγμα, 1 Cor 6:1; λόγον (see λόγος, I. 6), Acts 19:38; πρός τινα, to have something to bring against one (R. V. wherewith to answer), 2 Cor 5:12; τά (which Tr text WH omit) πρός τινα, the things to be said against one, Acts 23:30 (R G Tr WH; here may be added πρός πλησμονήν σαρκός, against (i. e. to check) the indulgence of the flesh, Col 2:23 (see πλησμονή)).
d. of the issue or end to which anything tends or leads: ἡ ἀσθένεια οὐκ ἐστι πρός θάνατον, Jn 11:4; ἁμαρτάνειν, ἁμαρτία πρός θάνατον, 1 Jn 5:16f; ἅ στρεβλουσι πρός τήν ἰδίαν αὐτῶν ἀπώλειαν, 2 Pet 3:16; τά πρός τήν εἰρήνην namely, ὄντα — now, the things which tend to the restoration of peace (A. V. conditions of peace), Lk 14:32; now, which tend to the attainment of safety (A. V. which belong unto peace), Lk 19:42; τά πρός ζωήν, καί εὐσέβειαν (A. V. that pertain unto), 2 Pet 1:3; πρός δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ, 2 Cor 1:20; τοῦ κυρίου, 2 Cor 8:19.
e. of an intended end or purpose: πρός νουθεσίαν τίνος, 1 Cor 10:11; as other examples add, Mt 26:12; Rom 3:26; Rom 15:2; 1 Cor 6:5; 1 Cor 7:35; 1 Cor 12:7; 1 Cor 14:12, 1 Cor 14:26; 1 Cor 15:34; 2 Cor 4:6; 2 Cor 7:3; 2 Cor 11:8; Eph 4:12; 1 Tim 1:16; Heb 6:11; Heb 9:13; πρός τί, to what end, for what intent, Jn 13:28; πρός τήν ἐλεημοσύνην, for the purpose of asking alms, Acts 3:10; πρός τό with an infinitive in order to, etc.: Mt 5:28; Mt 6:1; Mt 13:30; Mt 23:5; Mt 26:12; Mk 13:22; 2 Cor 3:13; Eph 6:11; 1 Thess 2:9; 2 Thess 3:8, also R G in Jas 3:3.
f. of the time for which a thing has been, as it were, appointed, i. e. during which it will last; where we use our for (German für orauf) (cf.
b. above): πρός καιρόν (Latinad tempus, Cicero, de off. 1, 8, 27; de amicitia 15, 53; Livy 21, 25, 14), i. e. for a season, for a while, Lk 8:13; 1 Cor 7:5; πρός καιρόν ὥρας (R. V. for a short season), 1 Thess 2:17; πρός ὥραν, for a short time, for an hour, Jn 5:35; 2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5; Phm 1:15; πρός ὀλίγας ἡμέρας, Heb 12:10 πρός τό παρόν, for the present, ibid. 11 (Thucydides 2, 22; Plato, legg. 5, p. 736 a.; Josephus, Antiquities 6, 5, 1; Herodian, 1, 3, 13 (5 edition, Bekker); Dio Cassius, 41, 15); πρός ὀλίγον, for a little time, Jas 4:4 (Lucian, dial. deor. 18, 1; Aelian v. h. 12, 63).
2. it is used of close proximity — the idea of direction, though not entirely lost, being more or less weakened;
a. answering to our at or by (German an); after verbs of fastening, adhering, moving (to): δεδέσθαι πρός τήν θύραν, Mk 11:4; προσκολλᾶσθαι, Mk 10:7 R G Tr (in marginal reading brackets); Eph 5:31 R G WH text; προσκόπτειν, Mt 4:6; Lk 4:11; κεῖσθαι, equivalent to to be brought near to, Mt 3:10; Lk 3:9 ((cf. 2 Macc. 4:33)); τιθέναι, Acts 3:2; (Acts 4:37 Tdf. (others παρά)); add, βεβλησθαι, Lk 16:20; τά πρός τήν θύραν, the forecourt (see θύρα, a.), Mk 2:2; εἶναι πρός τήν θάλασσαν (properly, toward the sea (A. V. by the sea)), Mk 4:1; θερμαίνεσθαι πρός τό φῶς, turned to the light (R. V. in the light), Mk 14:54; καθῆσθαι πρός τό φῶς, Lk 22:56; πρός τό μνημεῖον, Jn 20:11 Rec.; cf. Fritzsche on Mark, p. 201f b. equivalent to (Latinapud) with, with the accusative of a person, after verbs of remaining, dwelling, tarrying, etc. (which require one to be conceived of as always turned toward one), cf. Fritzsche as above: after εἶναι, Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; Mk 9:19; Mk 14:49; Lk 9:41; Jn 1:1; 1 Jn 1:2; 1 Thess 3:4; 2 Thess 2:5; 2 Thess 3:10; παρεῖναι, Acts 12:20; 2 Cor 11:9 (8); Gal 4:18, Gal 4:20; παρουσία, Phm 1:26; διαμενεῖν, Gal 2:5; παραμένειν, 1 Cor 16:6; ἐπιμένειν, 1 Cor 16:7; Gal 1:18; καθέζεσθαι, Mt 26:55 (R G L Tr brackets); ἐνδήμειν, 2 Cor 5:8; κατέχειν τινα πρός ἑαυτόν, Phm 1:13. πρός ἐμαυτόν, etc. (apud animum meum), with myself, etc. (2 Macc. 11:13; examples from Greek writings are given in Passow, under the word, I. 2, p. 1157a; (Liddell and Scott, under the word C. I. 5)), συλλογίζομαι, Lk 20:5; προσεύχομαι, Lk 18:11 (Tdf. omits πρός ἑαυτόν, Griesbach connects it with σταθείς); ἀγανακτεῖν, Mk 14:4 ((cf. 1 a. at the end); θαυμάζειν, Lk 24:12 (according to some; see above, 1 a. at the beginning)). Further, ποιεῖν τί πρός τινα, Mt 26:18; ἔχω χάριν πρός τινα, Acts 2:47; ἔχει καύχημα... πρός Θεόν to have whereof to glory with one (properly, turned 'toward' one), Rom 4:2; παράκλητον πρός τινα, 1 Jn 2:1.
3. of relation or reference to any person or thing; thus a. of fitness: joined to adjectives, ἀγαθός, Eph 4:29; ἕτοιμος, Tit 3:1; 1 Pet 3:15; ἱκανός, 2 Cor 2:16; δυνατός, 2 Cor 10:4; ἐξηρτισμένος, 2 Tim 3:17; ὠφέλιμος, 1 Tim 4:8; 2 Tim 3:16; ἀδόκιμος, Tit 1:16; ἀνεύθετος, Acts 27:12; λευκός, white and so ready for, Jn 4:35; τά πρός τήν χρείαν namely, ἀναγκαῖά (R. V. such things as we needed,), Acts 28:10.
b. of the relation or close connection entered (or to be entered) into by one person with another: περιπατεῖν πρός (German im Verkehr mit (in contact with (A. V. toward)); cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 265; Passow, under the word, I. 2, p. 1157a; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, C. I. 5)) τινα, Col 4:5; 1 Thess 4:12; ἀναστρέφεσθαι, 2 Cor 1:12; of ethical relationship (where we use with), ἀσύμφωνος πρός ἀλλήλους, Acts 28:25; κονωνια, συμφώνησις πρός τινα or τί, 2 Cor 6:15f; εἰρήνην ἔχειν (see εἰρήνη, 5), Rom 5:1; συνείδησιν ἔχειν πρός τόν Θεόν, Acts 24:16; διαθήκην ἐντέλλομαι πρός τινα, Heb 9:20 (see ἐντέλλω, at the end); διαθήκην διατίθημι, Acts 2:25 (in Greek writings συνθήκας, σπονδάς, συμμαχίαν ποιεῖσθαι πρός τινα, and similar expressions; cf. Passow (or Liddell and Scott) as above); μή ταπεινώσῃ... πρός ὑμᾶς, in my relation to you (R. V. before), 2 Cor 12:21; πρός ὅν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (see λόγος, II. 5), Heb 4:13. Here belongs also 2 Cor 4:2 (A. V. to every man's conscience).
c. with regard to (any person or thing), with respect to, as to; after verbs of saying: πρός τινα, Mk 12:12; Lk 12:41; Lk 18:9; Lk 19:9; Lk 20:19; Rom 10:21; Heb 1:7f; πρός τό δεῖν προσεύχεσθαι, Lk 18:1; ἐπιτρέπειν, γράφειν τί πρός τί, Mt 19:8; Mk 10:5; ἀποκριθῆναι τί πρός τί, Mt 27:14; ἀνταποκριθῆναι, Lk 14:6' τί ἐροῦμεν πρός ταῦτα, Rom 8:31 (Xenophon, mem. 3, 9, 12; anab. 2, 1, 20).
d. pertaining to: τά πρός τόν Θεόν (see Θεός, 3 γ.), Rom 15:17; Heb 2:17; Heb 5:1; τί πρός ἡμᾶς; namely, ἐστιν, what is that to us? i. e. it is none of our business to care for that, Mt 27:4; also τί πρός σε; Jn 21:22, Jn 21:23 (here Tdf. omits).
e. in comparison (like Latinad) equivalent to in comparison with: so after ἄξιος (which see in a.), Rom 8:18 (οὐ λογισθήσεται ἕτερος πρός αὐτόν, Baruch 3:36 (35); cf. Viger. edition, Herm., p. 666; (Buttmann, § 147, 28)).
f. agreeably to, according to: πρός ἅ (i. e. πρός ταῦτα ἅ) ἔπραξε, 2 Cor 5:10; ποιεῖν πρός τό θέλημα τίνος, Lk 12:47; ὀρθοπόδειν πρός τήν ἀλήθειαν, Gal 2:14. Here belong Eph 3:4; Eph 4:14.
g. akin to this is the use of πρός joined to nouns denoting desires, emotions, virtues, etc., to form a periphrasis of the adverbs (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 51, 2 h.): πρός φθόνον, enviously, Jas 4:5 ((on this passage see φθόνος); πρός ὀργήν equivalent to ὀργίλως, Sophocles El. 369; πρός βίαν equivalent to βιαίως, Aeschylus (Prom. 208, 353, etc.) Eum. 5; others; πρός ἡδονήν καί πρός χάριν, pleasantly and graciously, Josephus, Antiquities 12, 10, 3; (other examples in Liddell and Scott, under C. III. 7)).
II. with the dative, at, near, hard by, denoting close local proximity (Winers Grammar, 395 (369f)); so six times in the N. T. (much more frequent in the Sept. and in the O. T. Apocrypha): Mk 5:11 G L T Tr WH (R. V. on the mountain side); Lk 19:37; Jn 18:16; Jn 20:11 (where Rec. has πρός τό μν,.); Jn 20:12; Rev 1:13.
III. with the genitive,
a. properly, used of that from which something proceeds;
b. (Latina parte i. e.) on the side of; hence, tropically πρός τίνος εἶναι or ὑπάρχειν, to pertain to one, lie in one's interests, be to one's advantage: so once in the N. T. τοῦτο πρός τῆς ὑμετέρας σωτηρίας ὑπάρχει, conduces to (A. V. is for) your safety, Acts 27:34. (Κροισος ἐλπισας πρός ἑωυτοῦ τόν χρησμον εἶναι, Herodotus 1, 75; οὐ πρός τῆς ὑμετέρας δόξης, it will not redound to your credit, Thucydides 3, 59; add, Plato, Gorgias, p. 459 c.; Lucian, dial. deor. 20, 3; Dionysius Halicarnassus, Antiquities 10, 30; Arrian exp. Alex. 1, 19, 6; cf. Viger. edition, Herm., p. 659f; Matthiae, p. 1385f; (Liddell and Scott, under the word A. IV.); Winer's Grammar, 374 (350).)
IV. in Composition πρός signifies
1. direction or motion to a goal: προσάγω, προσεγγίζω, προσέρχομαι, προστρέχω.
2. addition, accession, besides: προσανατίθημι, προσαπειλέω, προσοφείλω.
3. vicinity: προσεδρεύω, προσμένω.
4. our on, at, as in προσκόπτω; and then of things which adhere to or are fastened to others, as προσηλόω, προσπήγνυμι.
5. to or for, of a thing adjusted to some standard: πρόσκαιρος. Cf. Zeune ad Viger. edition, Herm., p. 666.