καρδία

καρδίας, ἡ, poetic κραδία and καρδιη (in the latter form almost always in Homer (only at the beginning of a line in three places; everywhere else by metathesis κραδιη; Ebeling, Lex. Homer, under the word)) (from a root signifying to quiver or palpitate; cf. Cartius § 39; Vanicek, p. 1097 (Etym. Magn. 491, 56 παρά τό κραδαίνω, τό σείω. ἀεικινητος γάρ ἡ καρδία); allied with Latincor; English heart); the Sept. for לֵב and לֵבָב; the heart;
1. properly, that organ in the animal body which is the center of the circulation of the blood, and hence, was regarded as the seat of physical life: 2 Sam 18:14; 2 Kgs 9:24; Tobit 6:5 (4), 7f (6f), 17 (16). Hence,
2. universally, καρδία denotes the seat and center of all physical and spiritual life; and a. the vigor and sense of physical life (Ps 101:5; στήρισον τήν καρδίαν σου ψωμῷ ἄρτου, Judg 19:5; to which add Ps 103:15): τρέφειν τάς καρδίας, Jas 5:5; ἐμπιπλῶν τάς καρδίας τροφῆς, Acts 14:17; βάρειν τῆς καρδίας κραιπάλῃ καί μέθη, Lk 21:34; (but see b. δ. below);
b. the center and seat of spiritual life, "the soul or mind, as it is the fountain and seat of the thoughts, passions, desires, appetites, affections, purposes, endeavors" (so in English heart, inner man, etc.); α. universally: Mt 5:8; Mt 6:21; Mk 7:19; Lk 1:51; Lk 2:51; Lk 8:12, Lk 8:15; Acts 5:3; Rom 10:9; 1 Cor 14:25; 2 Cor 6:11; Eph 6:5; Col 3:22; 1 Pet 3:4, etc.; plural: Mt 9:4; Mk 2:6, Mk 2:8; Mk 4:16 (R L text Tr marginal reading); Lk 1:17; Lk 2:35; Lk 5:22; (Lk 24:38 R G L marginal reading; Acts 7:51 L T Tr WH text); Rom 2:15; Rom 16:18; 2 Cor 3:2; Gal 4:6; Phm 4:7; Eph 5:19 Lachmann; Heb 8:10 (T WH marginal reading singular); Heb 10:16, etc. ἡ καρδία is distinguished from τό στόμα or from τά χειλεα: Mt 15:8, Mt 15:18; Mk 7:6; 2 Cor 6:11; Rom 10:8f; from τό πρόσωπον: 2 Cor 5:12; 1 Thess 2:17; περιτομή καρδίας, Rom 2:29; ἀπερίτμητοι τῇ καρδία, Acts 7:51 (L T Tr WH text καρδίαις, WH marginal reading genitive καρδίας, cf. Buttmann, 170 (148)). of things done from the heart i. e. cordially or sincerely, truly (without simulation or pretence) the following phrases are used: ἐκ καρδίας (Aristophanes nub. 86), Rom 6:17; and L T Tr WH in 1 Pet 1:22, where R G ἐκ καθαρᾶς καρδίας, as in 1 Tim 1:5; 2 Tim 2:22; ἀπό τῶν καρδιῶν, Mt 18:35 (ἀπό καρδίας εὐχάριστος τοῖς θεοῖς, Antoninus 2, 3); ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ καρδία and ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας, Mt 22:37; Mk 12:30, Mk 12:33; Lk 10:27, and Rec. in Acts 8:37 (Deut 6:5; Deut 26:16; Psalm 118:34); μετ' ἀληθινῆς καρδίας, Heb 10:22. ἐρευναν τάς καρδίας, Rom 8:27; Rev 2:23; δοκιμάζειν, 1 Thess 2:4; γινώσκειν, Lk 16:15 (ἐτάζειν, Jer 17:10; Ps 7:10); διανοίγειν τήν καρδίαν (see διανοίγω, 2), Acts 16:14; ἦν ἡ καρδία καί ἡ ψυχή μία, there was perfect unanimity, agreement of heart and soul, Acts 4:32; τιθέναι τί ἐν τῇ καρδία (בְּלֵב and לֵב עַל שׂוּם, 1 Sam 21:12; Mal 2:2; Dan 1:8; τιθέναι ἐν στηθεσσιν, ἐν φρεσίν, etc., in Homer), to lay a thing up in the heart to be considered more carefully and pondered, Lk 1:66; to fix in the heart i. e. to purpose, plan, to do something, Acts 5:4 (A. V. conceived in thy heart); also εἰς τήν καρδίαν (L T Tr WH ἐν τήν καρδίαν) followed by the infinitive, Lk 21:14; βάλλειν εἰς τήν καρδίαν τίνος, followed by ἵνα, to put into one's mind the design of doing a thing, Jn 13:2; also διδόναι followed by an infinitive, Rev 17:17; ἀναβαίνει ἐπί τήν καρδίαν τίνος, followed by an infinitive, the purpose to do a thing comes into the mind, Acts 7:23; ἐν τῇ καρδία joined to verbs of thinking, reflecting upon, doubting, etc.: ἐνθυμεῖσθαι, διαλογίζεσθαι, Mt 9:4; Mk 2:6, Mk 2:8; Lk 3:15; Lk 5:22; λέγειν, εἰπεῖν (בְּלִבּו אָמַר), to think, consider with oneself, Mt 24:48; Lk 12:45; Rom 10:6; Rev 18:7 (Deut 8:17; Deut 9:4); συμβάλλειν, to revolve in mind, Lk 2:19; διακρίνεσθαι, to doubt, Mk 11:23; διαλογισμοί ἀναβαινουσι, of persons in doubt, Lk 24:38 (R G L marginal reading plural); ἀναβαίνει τί ἐπί καρδίαν, the thought of a thing enters the mind, 1 Cor 2:9. β. specifically, of the understanding, the faculty and seat of intelligence (often so in Homer also (cf. Nägelsbach, Homer. Theol., p. 319f; Zezschwitz, Profangräcität as above with, pp. 25f, 50); cor domicilium sapientiae, Lactantius, de opif. dei c. 10, cf. Cicero, Tusc. 1, 9; לֵב, 1 Kgs 10:2; Job 12:3; Job 17:4, etc.; (cf. Meyer on Eph 1:18 and references)): Rom 1:21; 2 Cor 4:6; Eph 1:18 (Rec. διανοίας); 2 Pet 1:19; συνιέναι τῇ καρδία, Mt 13:15; Acts 28:27; νόειν τῇ καρδία, Jn 12:40. of the dullness of a mind incapable of perceiving and understanding divine things the following expressions occur: ἐπαχύνθη ἡ καρδία, Mt 13:15; Acts 28:27, (from Isa 6:10); πωρουν τήν καρδίαν, Jn 12:40; πεπωρωμένη καρδία, Mk 6:52; Mk 8:17; ἡ πώρωσις τῆς καρδίας, Mk 3:5; Eph 4:18; βραδύς τῇ καρδία, slow of heart, Lk 24:25; κάλυμμα ἐπί τήν καρδίαν κεῖται, 2 Cor 3:15. γ. of the will and character: ἁγνίζειν καρδίας, Jas 4:8; καθαρίζειν τάς καρδίας, Acts 15:9 ῥερραντίσμενοι τάς καρδίας, Heb 10:22; καρδία εὐθεῖα (cf. Winer's Grammar, 32), Acts 8:21; πονηρά, Heb 3:12 (cf. 11. § 132, 24; Winer's Grammar, 194 (183)); ἀμετανόητος, Rom 2:5; γεγυμνασμενη πλεονεξίας, 2 Pet 2:14; στηρίζειν τάς καρδίας, 1 Thess 3:13; βεβαιουν, in passive, Heb 13:9; σκληρύνειν, Heb 3:8; ἡ ἐπίνοια τῆς καρδίας, Acts 8:22; αἱ βουλαί τῶν καρδιῶν 1 Cor 4:5; προαιρεῖσθαι τῇ καρδία, 2 Cor 9:7; κρίνειν (to determine) and ἑδραῖος ἐν τῇ καρδία, 1 Cor 7:37. δ. "of the soul so far forth as it is affected and stirred in a bad way or good, or of the soul as the seat of the sensibilities, affections, emotions, desires, appetites, passions": ἡ καρδία καιομένη ἦν, of the soul as greatly and peculiarly moved, Lk 24:32; αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι τῶν καρδιῶν, Rom 1:24; στηρίζειν τάς καρδίας, of the cultivation of constancy and endurance, Jas 5:8. in reference to good-will and love: ἐήξειν τινα ἐν τῇ καρδία, to have one in one's heart, of constant remembrance and steadfast affection, Phm 1:7 (`te tamen in toto pectore semper habet' Ovid. trist. 5, 4, 24); εἶναι ἐν τῇ καρδία τίνος, to be cherished in one's heart, to be loved by one perpetually and unalterably, 2 Cor 7:3; εὐδοκία τῆς καρδίας, Rom 10:1. in reference to joy and pleasure: ηὐφράνθη ἡ καρδία, Acts 2:26 (from Psalm 15:9); χαρήσεται ἡ καρδία, Jn 16:22; ἀνήρ κατά τήν καρδίαν τοῦ Θεοῦ, i. e. in whom God delights, Acts 13:22; of the pleasure given by food, Acts 14:17 ((Winer's Grammar, 156 (148) note) see 2 a. above). in reference to grief, pain, anguish, etc.: ἡ λύπη πεπλήρωκε τήν καρδίαν, Jn 16:6; ὀδύνη τῇ καρδία μου, Rom 9:2; ἡ καρδία ταράσσεται, Jn 14:1, Jn 14:27; συνοχή καρδίας, 2 Cor 2:4; βάρειν τῆς καρδίας μερίμναις βιωτικαῖς, Lk 21:34 (cf. 2 a. above); διαπρίομαι τῇ καρδία, Acts 7:54; συντετριμμένος τήν καρδίαν, Lk 4:18 R L brackets; κατενύγησαν τῇ καρδία, Acts 2:37 (L T Tr WH τήν καρδίαν); συνθρύπτειν τήν καρδίαν, Acts 21:13. ε. of a soul conscious of good or bad deeds (our conscience): 1 Jn 3:20f (Eccl 7:22; so לֵבָב, Job 27:6; ἡ καρδία πατασσει τινα, 1 Sam 24:6; 2 Sam 24:10).
3. used of the middle or central or inmost part of anything, even though inanimate: τῆς γῆς (which some understand of Hades, others of the sepulchre), Mt 12:40 (τῆς θαλάσσης, Jon 2:4 for לֵב; and for the same ἐν μέσῳ θαλάσσης, Ex 15:8, Ex 15:19; add Baruch 6: (Epistle Jer.) Bar 6:19; τῆς κλεψυδρας, Aristotle, probl. 16, 8 (others, κώδια)). Cf. Beck, Biblical Seelenlehre, chapter iii. § 20ff, p. 64ff; Delitzsch, Biblical Psychologie (Leipz. 1861) iv. § 12, p. 248ff (also in Herzog 2, vi. 57ff); Oehler in Herzog vi., p. 15ff (also in his O. T. Theol. (edited by Day) § 71); Wittichen in Schenkel iii. 71f.