ἐπί

(before a rough breathing ἐφ' (occasionally in manuscripts ἐπ'; see e. g. Ps 145:3), and also in some instances before a smooth breathing (as ἐφ' ἐλπίδι, Acts 2:26 L; Rom 8:20-21Tdf.); see ἀφειδον. It neglects elision before proper names beginning with a vowel (except Αἴγυπτον Acts 7:10, Acts 7:18) and (at least in Tdf.s text) before some other words, see the Proleg., p. 94f; cf. Winers Grammar, § 5, 1 a.; Buttmann, p. 10), a preposition (from the Sanskrit local prefix ἀρι; Curtius, § 335), joined to the genitive, the dative, and the accusative; its primary signification is upon (Latinsuper; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 374 (350) note)).
A. with the genitive (cf. Winers Grammar, § 47, g.; Buttmann, 336 (289));
I. of place; and
1. of the place on which;
a. upon the surface of (Latinin orsuper with the abl., German auf with the dative); after verbs of a biding, remaining, standing, going, coming, etc.; of doing anything: ἐπί κλίνης, Mt 9:2; Lk 17:34; ἐπί τοῦ δώματος, Mt 24:17; Lk 17:31; ἐπ' ἐρημίας (cf. on a desert), Mk 8:4; ἐπί τῶν νεφελῶν, Mt 24:30; Mt 26:64; ἐπί (τῆς) γῆς, Mt 6:10; Mt 9:6; Mt 23:9; Mt 28:18; Lk 21:25; Acts 2:19, and very often; ἐπί τῆς θαλάσσης, on (the surface of) the sea, Mt 14:25 R G; 26 L T Tr WH; Mk 6:48 (49); Rev 5:13, and, according to the interpretations of many, Jn 6:19; but cf. Baumg.-Crusius at the passage (per contra, cf. Lücke at the passage; Meyer on Matthew, the passage cited) (Job 9:8; βαδίζειν ἐφ' ὕδατος, Lcian. philops. 13; ἐπί τοῦ πελαγους διαθεοντες, v. h. 2, 4; (Artemidorus Daldianus, oneir. 3, 16); on a different sense of the phrase ἐπί γῆς θαλάσσης see 2 a. below (Winer's Grammar, 374 (351))); ποιεῖν σημεῖα ἐπί τῶν ἀσθενούντων, to be seen upon the bodies of men, externally, (on the sick (cf. Winer's Grammar, 375 (351))), Jn 6:2; ἐκάθισα and κάθημαι (καθέζομαι) ἐπί, Mt 19:28; Mt 23:2; Mt 24:3; Mt 25:31; Mt 27:19; Jn 19:13; Acts 20:9; Rev 9:17, etc.; ἔστην, ἕστηκα ἐπί, Lk 6:17; Acts 21:40; Rev 10:5, Rev 10:8; where parts of the body are spoken of: ἐπί χειρῶν, Mt 4:6; Lk 4:11; ἐπί τῆς κεφαλῆς, Jn 20:7; 1 Cor 11:10; Rev 10:1 R G (others, accusative); ; σινδόνα ἐπί γυμνοῦ, Mk 14:51; ἐπί τοῦ μετώπου (or μετώπων), Rev 7:3; Rev 9:4; Rev 13:16 (Rec., others, accusative); Rev 14:9.
b. Like the preposition ἐν (see the exposition under the word ἐν, I. 7, p. 212{a}), so also ἐπί with the genitive is used after verbs expressing motion to indicate the rest following the motion; thus after βάλλειν, Mk 4:26; Mt 26:12; σπείρειν, Mk 4:31; τιθέναι, Jn 19:19; Acts 5:15; (Lk 8:16 L T Tr WH); ἐπιτιθεναι, Lk 8:16 (R G); καθιεναι, Acts 10:11; πίπτειν, Mk 9:20; Mk 14:35; ἐπιγράφειν, Heb 10:16 R G; ἑλκύειν, Jn 21:11 R G; ἔρχεσθαι, Heb 6:7; Rev 3:10; (anatellein], Lk 12:54 T Tr marginal reading WH); γενόμενος ἐπί τοῦ τόπου (cf. our having arrived on the spot), Lk 22:40 (cf. Winer's Grammar, p. 376 (352) and see below, C. I. 1 b. at the end). κρεμαν τινα ἐπί (Hebrew עַל תָּלָה, Gen 40:19; Deut 21:22, etc.), for which the Latin hassuspendereex,de,a, andalicui, Acts 5:30; Acts 10:39; Gal 3:13.
c. figuratively used of that upon which anything rests (like our upon) (cf. Winers Grammar, 375 (351); Buttmann, 336 (289); Ellicott on 1 Timothy as below): ἵνα σταθῇ ἐπί στόματος etc. (עַל־פִּי יָקוּם, Deut 19:15), resting on the declaration, etc., Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; more simply ἐπί μαρτύρων, 1 Tim 5:19; in the adverb phrase ἐπ' ἀληθείας (on the ground of truth), see ἀλήθεια, I. 1. (c. akin is its use (with a personal or a reflexive pronoun) to denote dependence, as in λογιζέσθω ἐφ' (others ἀφ' which see II. 2 d. aa.) ἑαυτοῦ, 2 Cor 10:7 T Tr WH (for himself, i. e. apart from and independently of others; R. V. with himself); cf. Kühner, 2:432; Liddell and Scott, under the word A. I. 1 d.)
d. figuratively used of things, affairs, persons, which one is set over, over which he exercises power; Latinsupra, our over (cf. below, B. 2 b. and C. I. 2 e.): ἐπί πάντων, Rom 9:5; Eph 4:6 (where ἐπί, διά and ἐν are distinguished); καθίστημι τινα ἐπί τίνος, Mt 24:45; Mt 25:21, Mt 25:23; Lk 12:42; Acts 6:3 (Gen 39:4, Gen 39:5; Gen 39:1 Macc. 6:14 1 Macc. 10:37, etc.; Plato, rep. 5, p. 460 b., etc.); δίδωμι τίνι ἐξουσίαν ἐπί τίνος, Rev 2:26; ἔχω ἐξουσίαν ἐπί τίνος, Rev 20:6; βασιλεύειν ἐπί τίνος, Mt 2:22 R G Tr brackets; Rev 5:10; ἔχειν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ βασιλέα, Rev 9:11; ἔχειν βασιλείαν ἐπί τῶν βασιλέων, Rev 17:18; ὅς ἦν ἐπ' τῆς γάζης, who was over the treasury, Acts 8:27; ὁ ἐπί τοῦ κοιτῶνος, he who presided over the bedchamber, the chamberlain, Acts 12:20 (Passow, i., 2, p. 1035a gives many examples from Greek authors (cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word A. III. 1; Lob. ad Phryn., p. 474; Sophocles Lexicon, under the word); for examples from the O. T. Apocrypha see Wahl, Clavis Apocr., p. 218a).
e. of that to which the mental act looks or refers: λέγειν ἐπί τίνος, to speak upon (of) a thing, Gal 3:16 (Plato, Charm., p. 155 d.; legg. 2, p. 662 d.; Aelian v. h. 1, 30;scriberesuperre, Cicero, ad Att. 16, 6;dissereresuper, Tacitus, ann. 6, 28; cf. Winers Grammar, 375 (351); (Buttmann, 336 (289))).
f. of one on whom an obligation has been laid: εὐχήν ἔχειν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ, have (taken) on themselves a vow, have bound themselves by a vow, Acts 21:23 (WH text ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν (see ἀπό, II. 2 d. aa.)).
2. used of vicinity, i. e. of the place at, near, hard by, which (German bei,an);
a. properly, κόλπος ὁ ἐπί ποσιδηιου, Herodotus 7, 115; ἐπί τῶν θυρῶν (Acts 5:23 L T Tr WH) (1 Macc. 1:55; (Plutarch, G. Gracch. 14, 3, p. 841 c.)); cf. Matthiae, ii., p. 1366 § 584; Passow, under the word, p. 1034b; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, I. 1 a., at the end). But the examples of this signification adduced from the N. T. (with the exception of Acts, the passage cited) (and most of those from Greek authors also) are such as to allow the rendering of ἐπί by super also, over or above (so Winer's Grammar, 374f (351)): ἐπί τῆς θαλάσσης at the sea, upon the shore, or above the sea, for the shore overhung the sea, Jn 6:19 (?(cf. 1 a. above)); (Ex 14:2; Deut 1:40; Deut 1:1 Macc. 14:34 1 Macc. 15:11; Polybius 1, 44, 4; cf. the FrenchBoulognesurmer,ChalonssurMarne (English Stratford on Avon), etc.; ἐπί τοῦ ποταμοῦ Ezek 1:1; (Xenophon, an. 4, 3, 28); ἐπί τοῦ Ιορδάνου, 2 Kgs 2:7); ἐσθίειν ἐπί τῆς τραπέζης τίνος (German überJemandsTischeessen (cf. English over one's food, over one's cups, etc.)), food and drink placed upon the table, Lk 22:30 cf. Lk 22:21; συκῆν ἐπί τῆς ὁδοῦ, a fig tree above (i. e. higher than) the way, Mt 21:19.
b. before, with the genitive of a person, in the presence of one as spectator, or auditor (Winers Grammar, 375 (351); Buttmann, 336 (289)): Mt 28:14 (L Tr WH marginal reading ὑπό); Mk 13:9; Acts 24:19, Acts 24:20; Acts 25:9; Acts 26:2; 1 Cor 6:1, 1 Cor 6:6; 2 Cor 7:14; 1 Tim 6:13 (some bring this under II. below; see μαρτυρέω); ἐπί τοῦ βήματος Καίσαρος, Acts 25:10.
c. ἐπί τοῦ (Rec. τῆς) βάτου at the bush, i. e. at the place in the sacred volume where the bush is spoken of, Mk 12:26 (see ἐν, I. 1 d.).
II. of Time when; with the genitive of a person in the time or age of a man (in the days of); at the time when an office was held by one; under the administration of (cf. Winers Grammar, 375 (352); Buttmann, 336 (289)): Mk 2:26; Lk 3:2; Lk 4:2; Acts 11:28; (1 Macc. 13:42 1 Macc. 14:27 (for other examples in which this phrase is equivalent to in or of the reign etc. of, and is preceded by a specification of the year etc., see B. D. American edition, p. 651 note{b}); 2 Macc. 8:19 2Macc. 15:22; for numerous examples from Greek writings see Passow, i., 2, p. 1035, floss fully in Liddell and Scott, under the word, A. II.)). with the genitive of a tiring, at the time of any occurrence: ἐπί τῆς μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος, at the time of the deportation to Babylon, Mt 1:11; (on Lk 12:54 T Tr marginal reading WH see δυσμή); of the time when any occupation is (or was) carried on: ἐπί τῶν προσευχῶν μου, Latin in precibus meis, at my prayers, when I am praying, Rom 1:10 (9); Eph 1:16; 1 Thess 1:2; Phm 1:4. of time itself, ἐπ' ἐσχάτων and (according to another reading) ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν (literally, at the end of the days): 2 Pet 3:3; Heb 1:2 (1) (for the Hebrew הַיָמִים בְּאַחֲרִית, Gen 49:1; Num 24:14; Jeremiah 37:24; Mic 4:1; Dan 10:14); ἐπ' ἐσχάτου τοῦ χρόνου, Jude 1:18 L T Tr WH; (τῶν χρόνων, 1 Pet 1:20 L T Tr WH).
B. with the dative, used of place (Winers Grammar, 392f (366f); Buttmann, 336f (289f)); and
1. properly;
a. of the place where or in which (Latinin with the abl., German auf with the dative) (English on, etc.), where continuance, position, situation, etc., are spoken of: ἐφ' ᾧ (L text T Tr WH ὅπου) κατέκειτο, Mk 2:4; λίθος ἐπί λίθῳ (λίθον T Tr WH), Mk 13:2; ἐπί πίνακι, Mt 14:8, Mt 14:11; Mk 6:25; ἐπί τοῦ κραββάτοις, Mk 6:55; ἀνακλῖναι πάντας ἐπί τῷ χόρτῳ, Mk 6:39; ἐπέκειτο ἐπ' αὐτῷ, lay upon it, Jn 11:38; ἐφ' ἵπποις, Rev 19:14.
b. of the place in which (Latinin with the abl., German auf with the accusative), after verbs expressing motion toward a place, to denote a remaining in the place after the motion (English upon, at, etc.): βάλλειν λίθον ἐπιτινι, the dative of person, Jn 8:7 Rec.; οἰκοδομεῖν, Mt 16:18; ἐποικοδόμειν, Eph 2:20; ἐπιβάλλειν, Mt 9:16 (Lk 5:36 ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπί τί); ἐπιρράπτειν, Mk 2:21 (where L T Tr WH have ἐπί with the accusative); ἐπιπίπτειν, Acts 8:16.
c. of the place above which (Latinsuper, German über (English over)): ἐπ' αὐτῷ, over his head, Lk 23:38 (for which Mt 27:37 ἐπάνω τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ).
d. of the place at, or by, or near which: ἐπί θύραις and ἐπί τῇ θύρα, Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29; Acts 5:9 (and often in Greek writings; cf. Passow, under the word, p. 1037a; (Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. I. 1 a.; cf. A. I. 2 a. above)); ἐπί τῇ προβατικῇ, Jn 5:2; ἐπί τῷ ποταμῷ, Rev 9:14; ἐπί τῇ στοά, Acts 3:11; ἐπ' (L T Tr WH παῥ) αὐτοῖς ἐπιμεῖναι, Acts 28:14.
2. Metaphorically;
a. of that upon which any action, effect, condition, rests as a basis or support; properly, upon the ground of; and α. of that upon which anything is sustained or upheld: ζῆν ἐπί τίνι, to sustain life on (by) a thing, Mt 4:4 (where L Tr, the second time, ἐν; (cf. Winer's Grammar, 389 (364) note)); Lk 4:4 (Deut 8:3 for עַל חָיָה; Plato, Alcib. 1, p. 105 c.; Plutarch, de cup. divit. 7, p. 526 d.; Alciphron, epistles 3, 7, etc.); συνιέναι ἐπί τοῖς ἄρτοις, to understand by reasoning built upon the loaves, Mk 6:52 (cf. Winers Grammar, 392 (367); Buttmann, 337 (290)). β. of that upon which anything rests (our upon): ἐπ' ἐλπίδι (see in ἐλπίς, 2), supported by hope, in hope (cf; Winer's Grammar, § 51, 2f.), Acts 2:26; Rom 4:18; 1 Cor 9:10 (differently in ε. below); to do anything ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι τίνος, relying upon the name i. e. the authority of anyone (cf. Winer's Grammar, 393 (367)): ἐλεύσονται ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι μου, appropriating to themselves the name of Messiah, which belongs to me, Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8 (in which passage λέγοντες, ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμί ὁ Χριστός is added by way of explanation); βαπτίζεσθαι ἐπί (L Tr WH ἐν) τῷ ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ, so as to repose your hope and confidence in his Messianic authority, Acts 2:38; δέχεσθαι τινα ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι μου, to receive one because he bears my name, is devoted to my authority and instruction, Mt 18:5; Mk 9:37; Lk 9:48. to do anything upon the name of Christ, his name being introduced, appeal being made to his authority and command: as κηρύσσειν, διδάσκειν, etc., Lk 24:47; Acts 4:17, Acts 4:18; Acts 5:28, Acts 5:40; δύναμιν ποιεῖν, δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλειν, using his name as a formula of exorcism (cf. Winer's Grammar, 393 (367)), Mk 9:39; Lk 9:49 (WH Tr marginal reading ἐν). γ. of that upon which as a foundation any superstructure is reared: νομοθετεῖσθαι, Heb 7:11 (ἐπ' αὐτῇ, for which L T Tr WH have ἐπ' αὐτῆς); ; after verbs of trusting, believing, hoping, etc.: ἀρκεῖσθαι ἐπί τίνι, 3 Jn 1:10; παρρησιάζεσθαι, Acts 14:3; πεποιθέναι, Mt 27:43 L text WH marginal reading; Lk 11:22; Lk 18:9; Mk 10:24 (T WH omit; Tr marginal reading brackets the clause); 2 Cor 1:9; Heb 2:13; πιστεύειν, Lk 24:25; Rom 9:33; Rom 10:11, etc.; ἐλπίζειν (see ἐλπίζω) (cf. C. I. 2 g. α. below). δ. of the reason or motive underlying words and deeds, so that ἐπί is equivalent to for, on account of (Winers Grammar, 394 (368); Buttmann, 337 (290)): Mt 19:9 R G T Tr WH text; Lk 5:5 (ἐπί τῷ ῤήματι σου, at thy word, German auf; (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 48, c. d.; in reliance on)); Acts 3:16 (WH omit); Acts 4:9; (L Tr marginal reading have the genitive); ; 1 Cor 8:11 (ἀπολλυσθαι ἐπί τίνι, German zuGrundegehenüber etc. (cf. Winers Grammar, 394 (368) note, but L T Tr WH read ἐν)); Phm 3:9; after αἰνεῖν, Lk 2:20; δοξάζειν, Acts 4:21; 2 Cor 9:13 (cf. Winer's Grammar, 381 (357)); μαρτυρεῖν, Heb 11:4; εὐχαριστεῖν etc. to give thanks for, 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 9:15; Phm 1:5; 1 Thess 3:9. ἐφ' ᾧ (equivalent to ἐπί τούτῳ, ὅτι for that, on the ground of this, that) because that, because, Rom 5:12 (on the various interpretations of this passage see Dietzsch, Adam und Christus. Bonn 1871, p. 50ff); 2 Cor 5:4 (Rec.st ἐπειδή); Phm 3:12 (ἐφ' ᾧ — ὁ σατανᾶς — οὐκ ἴσχυσε θανατῶσαι αὐτούς, Theophilus of Antioch ad Antol. 2, 29, p. 138, Otto edition; ἐφ' ᾧ Γενναδιον ἔγραψεν, for the reason that he had accused Gennadius, Synes. epistle 73; cf. Hermann ad Vig., p. 710; the better Greeks commonly used ἐφ' οἷς in the same sense, cf. Winers Grammar, 394 (368); (Fritzsche or Meyer on Romans, the passage cited; Ellicott on Philippians, the passage cited)). Used especially after verbs signifying a mental affection or emotion, where we also often say over (for examples from Greek writings see Passow, i. 2, p. 1039b; Krüger, § 68, 41, 6; (cf. Winers Grammar, 393 (368)
c.)): as ἀγαλλιαν, Lk 1:47; χαίρειν, Mt 18:13; Lk 1:14; Lk 13:17; Rom 16:19, etc.; χαρά ἔσται, Lk 15:7; χαράν (Rec. χάριν) ἔχω, Phm 1:7; παρακαλεῖν, παρακαλεῖσθαι, 2 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 7:13; 1 Thess 3:7; κλαίειν, Lk 19:41 R G; κοπετόν ποιεῖν, Acts 8:2; κόπτεσθαι, Rev 18:9 (T Tr WH text the accusative); ὀδύνασθαι, Acts 20:38; ὀλολύζειν, Jas 5:1; στυγνάζειν, Mk 10:22; συλλυπεῖσθαι, Mk 3:5; μετανοεῖν ἐπί, to grieve over, repent of, 2 Cor 12:21; σπλαγχνίζεσθαι, Mt 14:14 G L T Tr WH; Mk 6:34 R G; Lk 7:13 (Tdf. the accusative); μακροθύμειν, Mt 18:26 (Tr the accusative), 29 (L Tr the accusative); Lk 18:7 (see μακροθυμέω, 2); Jas 5:7; ὀργίζεσθαι, Rev 12:17 (Lachmann omits ἐπἰ; ἐκπλήσσεσθαι, Mt 7:28; Mk 1:22; Lk 4:32; Acts 13:12; διαταράσσεσθαι, Lk 1:29; ἐξίστασθαι, Lk 2:47; θαμβεῖσθαι, Mk 10:24; θάμβος, Lk 5:9; Acts 3:10; θαυμάζειν, Mk 12:17; Lk 2:33; Lk 4:22; Lk 9:43; Lk 20:26; Acts 3:12; καυχᾶσθαι, Rom 5:2; ἐπαισχύνεσθαι, Rom 6:21; παραζηλουν and παροργίζειν τινα ἐπί τίνι, Rom 10:19. ε. of the rule, or condition (Winers Grammar, 394 (368)
d.): ἐπ' ἐλπίδι, a hope being held out or given, Rom 8:20; Tit 1:2 (differently in β. above); ἐπί δυσίν... μάρτυσιν, on condition that two witnesses testify to the matter in question (at (the mouth of) two etc.; cf. Winer's Grammar, 392 (367)), Heb 10:28; ἐπί νεκροῖς, equivalent to ὄντων νεκρῶν (in the case of the dead), if anyone has died, Heb 9:17. ζ. of the purpose and end (unto, for; Winers Grammar, 394 (368)
e.): ἐπ' ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ, to worship and profess his name, Acts 15:14 Rec.; καλεῖν τινα ἐπί τίνι, Latinadaliquid, Gal 5:13; 1 Thess 4:7 (ἐπί ξένια, Xenophon, an. 7, 6, 3; cf. Winer's Grammar, as above); κτισθεντε ἐπί ἔργοις ἀγαθοῖς, Eph 2:10; φρονεῖν ἐπί τίνι to take thought for a thing, Phm 4:10; ἐφ' ᾧ (by a later Greek impropriety for ἐπί τίνι, cf. Winers Grammar, § 24, 4; (Buttmann, § 139, 59; but on the extreme doubtfulness of this alleged use of ὅς in direct questions, see present T. D. Woolsey in the Bibliotheca Sacra for Apr. 1874, p. 314ff)) πάρει; for what purpose art thou come? Vulg.adquid (others,quod)venisti? Mt 26:50 R (but G L T Tr WH ἐφ' ὁ, see C. I. 2 g. γ. αα. below) (Theoph. ἐπί ποιῶ σκόπω; cf. Herodotus 7, 146 πυθόμενος, ἐπ' ὁισι ἦλθον; (but the view of many ancient expositors which explains the passage by an aposiopesis: that for which thou hast come — do is thoroughly established by Dr. Woolsey, as above)). of the issue or undesigned result: λογομαχεῖν ἐπί καταστροφή τῶν ἀκουόντων, 2 Tim 2:14; (τοῖς ἐπί ὠφέλεια πεποιημενοις ἐπί βλάβη χρῆσθαι, Xenophon, mem. 2, 3, 19). εε. of the pattern or standard (A. V. after; Winer's Grammar, 394 (368) f.): καλεῖν τινα ἐπί τῷ ὀνόματι τίνος, to call one after the name of another, Lk 1:59 (Neh 7:63 (Winer's Grammar, 410 (382))); ἐπί τῷ ὁμοιώματι τίνος after the likeness of a thing, Rom 5:14.
b. of that over which one is placed, for its care or administration: ἐπί τοῖς ὑπάρχουσι τινα καθιστάναι, Lk 12:44 (cf. A. I. 1 d. above (also C. I. 2 e. below); Lob. ad Phryn., p. 474f; Bernhardy (1829), p. 249; (Winers Grammar, 393 (367)
a.)).
e. used of a hostile aim, against (for examples from Greek writings from Homer down, see Passow, i. 2, p. 1036a; (cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, B. I. 1 c.; Winers Grammar, 392 (367); Buttmann, 337 (290))): Lk 12:52f; θλῖψις γενομένη ἐπί Στεφάνῳ (Στεφάνου, L Tr marginal reading), Acts 11:19 (A. V. about).
d. of that to which anything is added (so that it is, as it were, upon it); in addition to; over and above (Winers Grammar, 393 (367f)
b.): 2 Cor 7:13 (L T Tr WH ἐπί δέ τῇ παρακλήσει ὑμῶν (but L T Tr WH ἡμῶν) περισσοτέρως κτλ., but in addition to the comfort given (us) by you, we rejoiced the more exceedingly etc. (A. V. in etc. (of condition))); κερδαίνειν τί ἐπί τίνι, Mt 25:20, Mt 25:22 R G; ἔχειν λύπην ἐπί λύπη, Phm 2:27 Rec. (Euripides, Iph. T. 197 φόνος ἐπί φόνῳ, Troad. 596 ἐπί δ' ἀλγεσιν ἀλγεα, Sophocles O. C. 544 ἐπί νόσῳ νόσον; (cf. Meyer on Philippians, the passage cited; but G L T Tr WH give the accusative, see C. I. 2 e. below)); προστιθεναι ἐπί, Lk 3:20; ἐπί πᾶσι τούτοις, besides all this, Lk 16:26 (L marginal reading T Tr marginal reading WH ἐν; see ἐν, I. 5 e., p. 211a); Eph 6:16 (L text T Tr WH ἐν (and there is no τούτοις); see ἐν, as above); Col 3:14 (Sir. 37:15; 1 Macc. 10:42; (classic examples in Wetstein (1752) on Luke, the passage cited)); add also Heb 8:1 (see Lünem. at the passage); Heb 9:10; 1 Cor 14:16.
e. of that which is connected as an adjunct (especially of time) with the principal matter under consideration (in German generallybei, i. e. at, on, etc.) (Winer's Grammar, 392 (367)): ἐυχαριστο τῷ Θεῷ μου ἐπί πάσῃ τῇ μνεία ὑμῶν, at every mention of you, as often as I call you to mind, Phm 1:3 (but see Meyer, Ellicott, Lightfoot at the passage, and under the word πᾶς, I. 2); σπένδομαι ἐπί τῇ θυσία, while engaged in (busied over) the sacrifice, Phm 2:17; ἐπί συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων, Heb 9:26; ἐπί τῇ πρώτη διαθήκη, Phm 2:15; σπείρειν and θερίζειν ἐπ' εὐλογίαις, so that blessings attend, i. e. bountifully, freely, 2 Cor 9:6; ἐπί πάσῃ τῇ ἀνάγκη, 1 Thess 3:7; ἐπί τῷ παροργισμῷ ὑμῶν while your anger lasts, Eph 4:26; ἐπί τούτῳ meanwhile, i. e. while this was going on ((?), upon this), Jn 4:27.
f. of the object of an action, and α. where the German usesan (English on (nearly equivalent to to)): πράσσειν τί ἐπί τίνι, Acts 5:35 (like δραν τί ἐπί τίνι, Herodotus 3, 14; Aelian n. an. 11, 11); cf. Bernhardy (1829), p. 250 bottom; (but see Buttmann, 337 (290)); ὁ γέγονεν ἐπ' αὐτῇ, Mk 5:33 (T Tr WH omit; L brackets ἐπί); ἀναπληροῦσθαι, Mt 13:14 Rec. β. where the German saysüber, (English upon, of, concerning), after verbs of writing, speaking, thinking: γεγραμμένα ἐπ' αὐτῷ, Jn 12:16 (Herodotus 1, 66); προφητεύειν, Rev 10:11; μαρτυρεῖν, R G T Tr text WH text (see μαρτυρέω, a.) (δόξα ἐπί τῇ εὐσέβεια, an opinion about, on, piety, 4 Macc. 5:17 (18)).
C. with the accusative (Winers Grammar, § 49,1.; Buttmann, 337f (290f));
I. of place;
1. properly;
a. of the place above, over, which, our up on, on to: after verbs signifying motion and continuance, ἐλθεῖν, περιπατεῖν ἐπί τά ὕδατα, Mt 14:28f; ἐπί τήν θάλασσαν, Mt 14:25 L T Tr WH, 26 R G (πλεῖν ἐπί Πόντον, Homer, Odyssey 1, 183); ἀναπεσεῖν ἐπί τήν γῆν, Mt 15:35; ἐπί τό στῆθος τίνος, Jn 21:20; ἀνακλιθῆναι ἐπί τούς χόρτους, Mt 14:19 R G; κατοικεῖν ἐπί πᾶν τό πρόσωπον (L T Tr WH παντός προσώπου (cf. πᾶς, I. 1 c.)) τῆς γῆς, Acts 17:26; καθῆσθαι, Lk 21:35; ἦλθε λιμός ἐφ' ὅλην τήν γῆν, Acts 7:11; σκότος ἐγένετο ἐπί πᾶσαν τήν γῆν, Mt 27:45. over i. e. along: εἱστήκει ἐπί τόν αἰγιαλόν, Mt 13:2 (Winers Grammar, 408 (380); differently in d. below).
b. of motion to a place whose surface is occupied or touched (German auf with the accusative), upon, unto, etc.; after verbs of going, coming, ascending, descending, falling, etc.: πορεύεσθαι ἐπί τήν ὁδόν, Acts 8:26; Acts 9:11; ἐπί τάς διεξόδους, Mt 22:9; προέρχεσθαι, Acts 20:13 (here Tr WH marginal reading προσέρχεσθαι); φεύγειν, Mt 24:16 (where L Tr WH text εἰς); ἐξέρχεσθαι, Lk 8:27; ἐξιέναι, Acts 27:43; ἐπιβαίνειν, Mt 21:5; ἀναβαίνειν, Lk 5:19; Lk 19:4; Acts 10:9; Rev 20:9; καταβαίνειν, Lk 22:44 (L brackets WH reject the passage); Rev 16:21; ἀπέρχεσθαι, Lk 23:33 (L Tr WH ἔρχεσθαι); πίπτειν ἐπί τούς πόδας, Acts 10:25; ἐπί πρόσωπον, to fall upon the face, Mt 17:6; Mt 26:39; Lk 5:12; Lk 17:16; 1 Cor 14:25; Rev 7:11. After verbs of placing, leading, bringing, building, laying, throwing, etc.: τιθέναι, Mt 5:15; Lk 11:33; ἐπιτιθεναι, Mt 23:4; Lk 15:5; Acts 15:10, etc.; τιθέναι τά γόνατα ἐπί, Acts 21:5; οἰκοδομεῖν, Mt 7:24, Mt 7:26; Lk 6:49; Rom 15:20; ἐποικοδόμειν, 1 Cor 3:12; θεμελιοῦν, Lk 6:48; βάλλειν, Jn 8:59; Rev 2:24; Rev 14:16; Rev 18:19; ἐπιβάλλειν, Lk 5:36 (ἐπιβάλλειν ἐπί τίνι, Mt 9:16); ἐπιβάλλειν τάς χεῖρας ἐπί τινα, Mt 26:50, etc. (see ἐπιβάλλω, 1 a.); ἐπιρρίπτειν, Lk 19:35 and tropically 1 Pet 5:7; ῥαπίζειν, Mt 5:39 (L T Tr text WH εἰς); τύπτειν, Lk 6:29 (Tdf. εἰς); ἀναβιβάζειν, Mt 13:48 (not Lachmann text); ἐπιβιβάζειν, Lk 10:34; κατάγειν, Lk 5:11; σωρεύειν, Rom 12:20; διδόναι, Lk 7:44; Lk 19:23; Rev 8:3; ἀναφέρειν, 1 Pet 2:24; κρεμαν, Mt 18:6 (L T Tr WH περί); γράφειν, Rev 2:17; Rev 3:12; Rev 19:16; ἐπιγράφειν, Heb 8:10. After verbs which include another verb signifying motion, or transfer, or entrance into (where German usesauf orüber; our on, to, etc.): ἀνατέλλειν, Mt 5:45; βρέχειν, ibid.; πνεηιν, Rev 7:1 (here we see the difference between ἐπί with the genitive to blow over a thing, German über, and ἐπί with the according to blow on a thing, to come blowing upon it, German einenanwehen,wehendaufeinenkommen); (apparently nearly the same view of the distinction between the cases is take, by Thiersch § 274, 6; Hermann on Euripides, Alcest. 845. But Krüger (sec. 68, 40, 3), Kühner, (ii. § 438, L 1 b.), others, regard ἐπί with the accusative as denoting merely movement toward a place, while ἐπί with the genitive involves the idea of actual or intended arrival; cf. Liddell and Scott, under the word, A. I. 1. Still others hold the two expressions to be substantially synonymous: e. g. Alexander Buttmann (1873) Gram. § 147 (p. 417 English translation); Matthiae, § 584; Passow, p. 1034a; — especially in the N. T., see Winers Grammar, 409f (382); 408 (381) note; Buttmann, 338 (291). On the variations of case with this preposition in the Rev. cf. Alford on ); διασωθῆναι ἐπί τήν γῆν, Acts 27:44.
c. It is used of persons over whom anything is done, that thereby some benefit may accrue to them (German über with the dative) (Winer's Grammar, 408 (381) note): ὀνομάζειν τό ὄνομα Ἰησοῦ ἐπί τινα, to name the name of Jesus (as a spell, a magic formula) over one, namely, that help may come to him from that name, Acts 19:13; προσεύχεσθαι ἐπί τινα, Jas 5:14.
d. As εἰς (which see C. 2, p. 186a), so ἐπί also stands after verbs of rest and continuance (Buttmann, 337f (290f); Winer's Grammar, § 49, 50:1): καθεύδειν ἐπί τί, Mk 4:38; στῆναι, Rev 11:11; σταθῆναι ἐπί τί, Revelation 12:18 (Rev 13:1); ἑστηκεναι, Jn 21:4 (ἐπί τόν αἰγιαλόν L T Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading; otherwise where many are spoken of; see a. at the end, above); Rev 14:1; καθῆσθαι, Jn 12:15; Rev 4:4; Rev 6:2 (Rec. dative); Rev 11:16; Rev 14:14, Rev 14:16 (L T Tr WH text genitive); Rev 17:3; ; κεκαθικεναι, καθίσαι, Mk 11:2; Lk 19:30; Jn 12:14; Rev 20:4; καθίσεσθαι, Mt 19:28; σκηνουν, Rev 7:15; κεῖσθαι, 2 Cor 3:15; κατακεῖσθαι, Lk 5:25 T Tr WH; εἶναι ἐπί τό αὐτό, to be together, assembled, in the same place: Lk 17:35; Acts 1:15; Acts 2:1, Acts 2:44 — to come together, of sexual intercourse, 1 Cor 7:5 G L T Tr WH; συνελθεῖν ἐπί τό αὐτό have convened, come together, to the same place, 1 Cor 14:23 (L text ἐλθεῖν); simply ἐπί τό αὐτό namely, ὄντες, together, Acts 3:1 (but L T Tr WH (so R. V.) connect ἐπί τήν α. here with Acts 2:47); 2 Sam 2:13 (cf. Buttmann, 338 (291)).
e. used of motion or arrival into the vicinity of a place (not to the place itself); near; to, as far as; (German an,bei,zu,hin...zu): ἐπί τό μνημεῖον (or μνῆμα), Mk 16:2; Lk 24:12 (L Tr brackets; T omits; WH reject the verse), 22,24; ἐπί τούς ἀναβαθμούς, Acts 21:35; ἔρχεσθαι ἐπί τί ὕδωρ, Acts 8:36; ἐπί τήν πύλην, Acts 12:10; ἐπιστηναι ἐπί τόν πυλῶνα, Acts 10:17; καταβαίνειν ἐπί τήν θάλασσαν, Jn 6:16, etc., etc.; with the accusative of a person to, near to one: Jn 19:33; Acts 25:12; 2 Thess 2:1; Rev 16:14; especially to judges, kings, etc., equivalent to to their tribunal: Mt 10:18; Lk 12:58; Lk 21:12; Lk 23:1; Acts 9:21; Acts 16:19. also in pregnant construction after verbs of sitting, standing, etc.: καθῆσθαι ἐπί τό τελώνιον, Mt 9:9; Mk 2:14; ἑστηκεναι ἐπί, Rev 3:20; Rev 15:2; ἐπιστηναι ἐπί, Acts 10:17; Acts 11:11; ἐπί τήν δεξιάν on the right hand, Rev 5:1.
f. of mere direction toward a terminus (so that the terminus itself is not reached): πορεύεσθαι ἐπί τό ἀπολωλός, to recover it (where we say after), Lk 15:4; ἐκτείνειν τάς χεῖρας ἐπί, against one, to take him, Lk 22:53; toward one, in pointing him out, Mt 12:49; ἐξέρχεσθαι ἐπί λῃστήν, to take a robber, Mt 26:55; Mk 14:48; Lk 22:52, cf. Lk 14:31.
2. It is used metaphorically,
a. with the accusative of a person after verbs of coming, falling, bringing, etc. α. of evils befalling (falling 'upon') one, and of perturbations coming upon the mind: τό αἷμα τίνος (the penalty for slaying him) ἥκει or ἔρχεται ἐπί τινα, Mt 23:35; Mt 27:25; ἐπάγειν τό αἷμα τίνος ἐπί τινα, Acts 5:28; ἔρχεσθαι and ἥκειν ἐπί τινα, of other evils, Jn 18:4; Eph 5:6; Rev 3:3; after γίνεσθαι, Lk 1:65; Lk 4:36; Acts 5:5; ἐπέρχεσθαι (ἐπεισέρχεσθαι L T Tr WH), Lk 21:35; ἐπιπίπτειν, Lk 1:12; Acts 13:11 (L T Tr WH πίπτειν); (L Tr πίπτειν); Rom 15:3 (from Ps 68:10); Rev 11:11 (Rec. πίπτειν); ἐπιστηναι, Lk 21:34. β. of blessings coming upon one: after ἐρχεσται, Mt 10:13; ἐπιπίπτειν, of a trance, Acts 10:10 (L T Tr WH γίνεσθαι); ἐπισκηνουν, 2 Cor 12:9; ἔφθασεν and ἤγγικεν, ἐφ' ὑμᾶς (upon you namely, from heaven (cf. Winer's Grammar, 407 (380) note)) ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ, Mt 12:28; Lk 10:9; Lk 11:20. the Holy Spirit is said at one time ἐπί τινα ἐκχεῖσθαι, Acts 2:17; Acts 10:45; Tit 3:6; at another, ἀποστέλλεσθαι (or ἐξαποστέλλεσθαι T Tr WH), Lk 24:49; again, ἐπέρχεσθαι, Acts 1:8; once more, καταβαίνειν, Mk 1:10 (L text T Tr WH εἰς); Lk 3:22; Jn 1:33; ἔπεσεν ὁ κλῆρος ἐπί τινα, Acts 1:26; after words of rest and continuance: χάρις ἦν ἐπί τινα, Lk 2:40; Acts 4:33; ἐπαναπαύεσθαι, Lk 10:6; the Holy Spirit is said at one time ἐπί τινα μένειν, descending upon one to remain on him, Jn 1:32f (Buttmann, 338 (291)); and again ἀναπαύεσθαι, 1 Pet 4:14.
b. of one upon whom anything is imposed, as a burden, office, duty, etc.: τήν μέριμναν ἐπιρρίπτειν ἐπί Θεόν, 1 Pet 5:7; συντελεῖν διαθήκην ἐπί τινα, to put a covenant UPON one, to be kept by him, Heb 8:8, (in Ps 82:6 פ עַל בְּרִית כָּרַת... is to make a covenant AGAINST one).
c. of that to which anything is added (English upon (nearly equivalent to after)): λύπη ἐπί λύπην, Phm 2:27 G L T Tr WH (Ps 68:27; Ezek 7:26; (especially Isa 28:10, Isa 28:13; cf. Latinsuper in Livy 1, 50; 22, 54 etc.); see above, B. 2 d.); (so some take οἶκος ἐπ' οἶκον, Lk 11:17, Buttmann, 338 (291); see οἶκος, 2); ἐπικάλειν ὄνομα ἐπί τινα (see ἐπικαλέω, 2 (and Buttmann, 338 (291))), to call (put) a name upon one, Acts 15:17; Jas 2:7.
d. of the number or degree reached; Latinusquead (Winer's Grammar, § 49, 50:3 a.): ἐπί σταδίους δώδεκα, Rev 21:16 (Rst T Tr WH text, genitive) (Xenophon, mem. 1, 4, 17; an. 1, 7, 15; Polybius 3, 54, 7; Song of the Three 23); ἐπί τρίς, Vulg.perter, for three times, thrice: Acts 10:16; Acts 11:10 (so εἰς τρίς, Herodotus 1, 86; Xenophon, an. 6, 4, 16. 19; Cyril 7, 1, 4 etc. (cf. Winer's Grammar, 422 (394))); ἐπί πλεῖον more widely, to a greater degree, further, the more (differently below, II. 1): Acts 4:17; (Acts 20:9 WH marginal reading); 2 Tim 2:16; 2 Tim 3:9; ἐφ' ὅσον, forasmuch as, inasmuch as, (differently II. 1 below): Mt 25:40, Mt 25:45; Rom 11:13.
e. of care, power, control over anything (German über with the accusative) (Winer's Grammar, § 49, 1. 3 b.) (cf. above, A. I. 1 d. and B. 2 b.): βασιλεύειν ἐπί τινα (Hebrew עַל מָשַׁל), Lk 1:33; Lk 19:14, Lk 19:27; Rom 5:14; ἡγούμενον ἐπ' Αἴγυπτον, Acts 7:10; καθίστημι, Heb 2:7 R ((from Ps 8:7), L Tr WH brackets); ἐπί τόν οἶκον αὐτοῦ namely, ἐστι, Heb 3:6; ἱερέα μέγαν ἐπί τόν οἶκον τοῦ Θεοῦ namely, καθεστηκοτα, Heb 10:21; κατιησταναι δικαστήν ἐπί, Lk 12:14 (ἄρχοντα, Xenophon, Cyril 4, 5 at the end); ἐξουσία, Lk 10:19; Rev 6:8; Rev 16:9; Rev 22:14; φυλάσσειν φυλακάς, Lk 2:8; of usurped dignity: ὑπεραίρεσθαι ἐπί πάντα λεγόμενον Θεόν, 2 Thess 2:4 cf. Dan 11:36f (others refer the use in Thessalonians, the passage cited to g. γ. ββ. below). Akin to this is the expression πιστός ἐπί τί (because fidelity is as it were spread over the things intrusted to its care), Mt 25:21.
f. of the end which the mind reaches or to which it is led; Latinad, to, unto: ἐπιστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι ἐπί τινα, especially to God, Lk 1:17; Acts 9:35; Acts 11:21; Acts 14:15; Acts 26:20; Gal 4:9; 1 Pet 2:25.
g. of direction toward a person or a thing; α. after verbs of trusting and hoping (German auf, upon; see above, B. 2 a. γ.): after ἐλπίζειν, 1 Pet 1:13; 1 Pet 3:5 R G; 1 Tim 5:5 (and often in the Sept.); πιστεύειν, Acts 9:42; Acts 11:17; Acts 16:31; Acts 22:19; Rom 4:24; πιστός, Heb 6:1; πεποιθέναι, Mt 27:43 (where L text WH marginal reading ἐπί with the dative).β. of the feelings, affections, emotions, German über, over: κόπτομαι, Rev 1:7; Rev 18:9 (R G L WH marginal reading with the dative); κλαίω, Lk 23:28; Rev 18:9; εὐφραίνεσθαι, Rev 18:20 (G L T Tr WH with the dative). unto, toward, Latinerga: σπλαγχνίζομαι, Mt 15:32; Mk 8:2; Mk 9:22; (μακροθυμέω, Mt 18:26 Tr, 29 L Tr); χρηστός, Lk 6:35; χρηστότης, Rom 11:22; Eph 2:7. γ. of the direction of the will and action; αα. of purpose and end (Winer's Grammar, § 49, l. 3 d.): ἐπί τό βάπτισμα αὐτοῦ, to receive his baptism, Mt 3:7; ἐπί θεωρίαν ταύτην, Lk 23:48; ἐφ' ὁ πάρει, Mt 26:50 G L T Tr WH (see above, B. 2 a. ζ.); where aim and result coalesce: ἐπί τό συμφέρον, Heb 12:10. ββ. of things done with hostility; against: after ἀποτομία, Rom 11:22; ἀναστῆναι, Mk 3:26; ἐγείρεσθαι, Mt 24:7; Mk 13:8; Lk 21:10; ἐπεγείρειν διωγμόν, Acts 13:50; μερισθῆναι, Mt 12:26; Mk 3:24f; ἐπαίρειν τί ἐπί, Jn 13:18; μάρτυρ, 2 Cor 1:23; μαρτύριον, Lk 9:5; ἀσχημονεῖν, 1 Cor 7:36 (εἰς τινα, Dionysius Halicarnassus, 2, 26); μοιχᾶσθαι, Mk 10:11; τολμᾶν, 2 Cor 10:2; βρύχειν ὀδόντας, Acts 7:54. γγ. of that to which one refers in writing or speaking (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 49, 50 l. d.): after λέγειν, Heb 7:13; ὁ οὖν μακαρισμός... ἀκροβυστίαν, namely, λέγεται (Winers Grammar, 587 (546), cf. Buttmann, 394 (338)), Rom 4:9; προφητεία, 1 Tim 1:18; on Mk 9:12f see γράφω, 2 c. δδ. upon, i. e. in reference to; for: after βάλλειν κλῆρον, Mk 15:24; Jn 19:24; cf. Fritzsche on Mark, p. 686 (who compares Psalm 21:19, and remarks that an Attic writer would have said ἐπί τίνι).
II. of Time (Winer's Grammar, § 49, l. 2);
1. of time during or for (`for the space of') which (German auf,während): ἐπί ἔτη τρία, Lk 4:25 (R G T WH marginal reading); ἐπί ἡμέρας πλείους, Acts 13:31; add also Acts 16:18; Acts 17:2; Acts 18:20; Acts 19:10; Heb 11:30, etc., and often in Greek writings from Homer down; cf. Passow, under the word, p. 1044 (Liddell and Scott, under the word C. II.); ἐφ' ὅσον χρόνον for so long time as, Rom 7:1; 1 Cor 7:39; Gal 4:1; and simply ἐφ' ὅσον as long as (differently in I. 2 d. above), Mt 9:15; 2 Pet 1:13; ἐφ' ἱκανόν long enough, for a considerable time, Acts 20:11; ἐπί πλεῖον somewhat long, too long (differently in I. 2 d. above): Acts 20:9 (not WH marginal reading, see as above); .
2. about, toward (German gegen): ἐπί τήν αὔριον on the morrow, Lk 10:35; Acts 4:5; ἐπί τήν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς, Acts 3:1; ἐπί τό πρωιMk 15:1</ref> (R G); rarely so in Greek writings, as Arrian exp. Al. 3, 18, 11 (7) ἐπί (others ὑπό) τήν ἕω.
D. In Composition ἐπί denotes:
1. continuance, rest, influence upon or over any person or thing: ἐπίγειος, ἐπουράνιος, ἐπιδημέω, ἀπαναπαύομαι, etc.
2. motion, approach, direction toward or to anything: ἐπακούω, ἐπιβοάω, ἐπιβλέπω, ἐπεκτείνω, etc.
3. imposition: ἐπικαθίζω, ἐπιτίθημι, ἐπιβιβάζω, ἐπιβαρέω, ἐπιγράφω, ἐπιρρίπτω, ἐπιτάσσω, etc.
4. accumulation, increase, addition: ἐπεισαγωγή, ἐπισυνάγω, ἐπισωρεύω, ἐπικαλέω (by a cognomen), etc.
5. repetition: ἐπαιτέω, ἐπαναμιμνῄσκω, etc.
6. up, upward: ἐπαίρω, ἐπανάγω, ἐπαφρίζω, etc.
7. against: ἐπιβουλή, ἐπανίστημι, ἐπίορκος, ἐπιορκέω, etc.
8. superintendence: ἐπιστάτης.