τάραχος

θόρυβος thórybos · G2351 · clamor, noise, riot

Standard Greek synonym for tumult and uproar; frequently used in Acts for mob disturbances (Acts 20:1, 21:34, 24:18). Both terms denote popular commotion and public disturbance, often interchangeable in contexts of civil unrest.

στάσις stásis · G4714 · insurrection, rebellion, to quarrel

Greek term for uprising, sedition, and civil disturbance; used in contexts of public disorder and rebellion (Mark 15:7, Acts 19:40, 24:5). Overlaps with τάραχος in denoting public tumult and disturbance, though στάσις more specifically emphasizes organized rebellion.

ἀκαταστασία akatastasía · G181 · to rebel against, to revolt, to engage in insurrection

Greek term for disorder, commotion, and disturbance; used for both political tumult (Luke 21:9, 2 Cor 6:5) and general confusion. Shares the sense of disturbance and agitation with τάραχος, though ἀκαταστασία emphasizes the state of disorder rather than the event of tumult.

מְהוּמָה mᵉhûwmâh · H4103 · consternation

Standard Hebrew term for public tumult, confusion, and uproar; used in contexts of civil disturbance and divine judgment causing panic (e.g., Deut 7:23, 1 Sam 5:9). Natural translation equivalent for Greek τάραχος in contexts of popular disturbance.

הָמוֹן hâmôwn · H1995 · noise, uproar, tumult

Common Hebrew noun for tumult, uproar, and commotion of crowds; frequently used for the noise and disturbance of large gatherings (e.g., 1 Kings 18:41, Isa 13:4). Semantically overlaps with τάραχος in denoting public disturbance.

Great distress, extreme anxiety25.243

Luke records that when day came after Peter's escape, “there was no small disturbance among the soldiers as to what could have become of Peter” (Acts 12:18).

Commotion, serious trouble39.5

Luke writes, “About that time a major disturbance occurred in regard to the Way” (Acts 19:23).

Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.

Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.