ἕως

a particle marking a limit, and
I. as a conjunction signifying
1. the temporal terminus ad quem, till, until (Latindonee,usquedum); as in the best writings a. with an preterite indicative, where something is spoken of which continued up to a certain time: Mt 2:9 (ἕως... ἔστη (ἐστάθη L T Tr WH)); (1 Macc. 10:50; Wis. 10:14, etc.).
b. with ἄν and the aorist subjunctive (equivalent to the Latin future perfect), where it is left doubtful when that will take place till which it is said a thing will continue (cf. Winer's Grammar, § 42, 5): ἴσθι ἐκεῖ, ἕως ἄν εἴπω σοι, Mt 2:13; add, Mt 5:18; Mt 10:11; ; Mk 6:10; Mk 12:36; Lk 17:8; Lk 20:43; Acts 2:55; Heb 1:13; after a negative sentence: Mt 5:18, Mt 5:26; Mt 10:23 (T WH omit ἄν); Mt 12:20; Mt 16:28; Mt 23:39; ; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; Lk 21:32; 1 Cor 4:5; with the aorist subjunctive without the addition of ἄν: Mk 6:45 R G; (here Tr marginal reading future); Lk 15:4; ( T Tr WH; L T Tr WH); 2 Thess 2:7; Heb 10:13; Rev 6:11 (Rec. ἕως οὗ); οὐκ ἀνἔζησαν ἕως τελεσθῇ τά χίλια ἔτη, did not live again till the thousand years had been finished (elapsi fuerint), Rev 20:5 Rec. Cf. Winers Grammar, § 41 b. 3.
c. more rarely used with the present indicative where the aorist subjunctive might have been expected (Winers Grammar, as above; Buttmann, 231 (199)): so four times ἕως ἔρχομαι, Lk 19:13 (where L T Tr WH ἐν ᾧ for ἕως, but cf. Bleek at the passage); Jn 21:22; 1 Tim 4:13; ἕως ἀπολύει, Mk 6:45 L T Tr WH, for R G ἀπολύσῃ (the indicative being due to a blending of direct and indirect discourse; as in Plutarch, Lycurgus 29, 3 δεῖν οὖν ἐκείνους ἐμμένειν τοῖς καθεστωσι νόμοις... ἕως ἐπανεισιν).
d. once with the future indicative, according to an improbable reading in Lk 13:35: ἕως ἥξει Tdf., ἕως ἄν ἥξει Lachmann, for R G ἕως ἄν ἥξῃ; (but WH (omitting ἄν ἥξῃ ὅτε) read ἕως εἴπητε; Tr omits ἄν and brackets ἥξῃ ὅτε; cf. Buttmann, 231f (199f)).
2. as in Greek writings from Homer down, as long as, while, followed by the indicative in all tenses — in the N. T. only in the present: ἕως ἡμέρα ἐστιν, Jn 9:4 (Tr marginal reading WH marginal reading ὡς); ἕως (L T Tr WH ὡς) τό φῶς ἔχετε, Jn 12:35f (ἕως ἔτι φῶς ἐστιν, Plato, Phaedo, p. 89 c.); (Mk 6:45 (cf.
c. above)).
II. By a usage chiefly later it gets the force of an adverb, Latinusquead; and
1. used of a temporal terminus ad quem, until (unto);
a. like a preposition, with a genitive of time (Winers Grammar, § 54, 6; Buttmann, 319 (274)): ἕως αἰῶνος, Lk 1:55 Griesbach (Ezek 25:15 Alex.; 1 Chr 17:16; Sir. 16:26, Fritzsche; Sir 24:9>, etc.); τῆς ἡμέρας, Mt 26:29; Mt 27:64: Lk 1:80; Acts 1:22 (Tdf. ἄχρι); Rom 11:8, etc.; ὥρας, Mt 27:45; Mk 15:33; Lk 23:44; τῆς πεντηκοστῆς, 1 Cor 16:8; τέλους, 1 Cor 1:8; 2 Cor 1:13; τῆς σήμερον namely, ἡμέρας, Mt 27:8; τοῦ νῦν, Mt 24:21; Mk 13:19 (1 Macc. 2:33); χήρα ἕως ἐτῶν ὀγδοήκοντα τεσσάρων a widow (who had attained) even unto eighty-four years, Lk 2:37 L T Tr WH; before the names of illustrious men by which a period of time is marked: Mt 1:17; Mt 11:13; Lk 16:16 (where T Tr WH μέχρι); Acts 13:20; before the names of events: Mt 1:17 (ἕως μετοικεσίας Βαβυλῶνος); Mt 2:15; Mt 23:35; ; Lk 11:51; Jas 5:7; ἕως τοῦ ἐλθεῖν, Acts 8:40 (Buttmann, 266 (228); cf. Winer's Grammar, § 44, 6; Judith 1:10 Judith 11:19, etc.).
b. with the genitive of the neuter relative pronoun οὗ or ὅτου it gets the force of a conjunction, until, till (the time when); α. ἕως οὗ (first in Herodotus 2, 143; but after that only in later authors, as Plutarch, et al. (Winers Grammar, 296 (278) note; Buttmann, 230f (199))): followed by the indicative, Mt 1:25 (WH brackets οὗ); ; Lk 13:21; Acts 21:26 (see Buttmann); followed by the subjunctive aorist, equivalent to Latin future perfect, Mt 14:22; Mt 26:36 (where WH brackets οὗ and Lachmann has ἕως οὗ ἄν); Lk 12:50 (Rec.; Lk 15:8 Tr WH); Lk 24:49; Acts 25:21; 2 Pet 1:19; after a negative sentence, Mt 17:9; Lk 12:59 (R G L; Lk 22:18 Tr WH); Jn 13:38; Acts 23:12, Acts 23:14, Acts 23:21. β. ἕως ὅτου, αα. until, till (the time when): followed by the indicative, Jn 9:18; followed by the subjunctive (without ἄν), Lk 13:8; Lk 15:8 (R G L T); after a negation, Lk 22:16, Lk 22:18 (R G L T). ββ. as long as, whilst (Song of Solomon 1:12), followed by the present indicative, Mt 5:25 (see ἄχρι, 1 d. at the end).
c. before adverbs of time (rarely so in the earlier and more elegant writings, as ἕως ὀψέ, Thucydides 3, 108; (cf. Winers Grammar, § 54, 6 at the end; Buttmann, 320 (275))): ἕως ἄρτι, up to this time, until now (Vig. ed. Herm., p. 388), Mt 11:12; Jn 2:10; Jn 5:17; Jn 16:24; 1 Jn 2:9; 1 Cor 4:13; 1 Cor 8:7; 1 Cor 15:6; ἕως πότε; how long? Mt 17:17; Mk 9:19; Lk 9:41; Jn 10:24; Rev 6:10 (Ps 12:2f (f); 2 Sam 2:26; 2 Sam 2:1 Macc. 6:22); ἕως σήμερον, 2 Cor 3:15.
2. according to a usage dating from Aristotle down, employed of the localterminus ad quem, unto, as far as, even to;
a. like a preposition, with a genitive of place (Winers Grammar, § 54, 6; Buttmann, 319 (274)): ἕως ᾅδου, ἕως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, Mt 11:23; Lk 10:15; add, Mt 24:31; Mt 26:58; Mk 13:27; Lk 2:15; Lk 4:29; Acts 1:8; Acts 11:19, Acts 11:22; Acts 17:15; Acts 23:23; 2 Cor 12:2; with the genitive of person, to the place where one is: Lk 4:42; Acts 9:38 (ἕως ὑπερβορεων, Aelian v. h. 3, 18).
b. with adverbs of place (Winers Grammar, and Buttmann, as in c. above): ἕως ἄνω, Jn 2:7; ἕως ἔσω, Mk 14:54; ἕως κάτω, Mt 27:51; Mk 15:38; ἕως ὧδε, Lk 23:5 (cf. Winers Grammar, § 66, 1 c.).
c. with prepositions: ἕως ἔξω τῆς πόλεως, Acts 21:5; ἕως εἰς, Lk 24:50 (R G L marginal reading, but L text T Tr WH ἕως πρός as far as to (Polybius 3, 82, 6; 12, 17, 4; Gen 38:1)); Polybius 1:11, 14; Aelian v. h. 12, 22.
3. of the limit (terminus)of quantity; with an adverb of ἕως ἑπτάκις, Mt 18:21; with numerals: Mt 22:26 (ἕως τῶν ἑπτά); cf. Mt 20:8; Jn 8:9 (Rec.); Acts 8:10; Heb 8:11; οὐκ ἐστιν ἕως ἑνός, there is not so much as one, Rom 3:12 from Ps 13:1.
4. of the limit of measurement: ἕως ἡμίσους, Mk 6:23; Est 5:3, Est 5:6 Alex.
5. of the end or limit in acting and suffering: ἕως τούτου, Lk 22:51 (see ἐάω, 2); ἕως τοῦ θερισμοῦ, Mt 13:30 L Tr WH text; ἕως θανάτου, even to death, so that I almost die, Mk 14:34; Mt 26:38 (Sir. 4:28 Sir. 31:13 (Sir. 34:13); Sirach 37:2>; 4 Macc. 14:19).
G2193a: ζ
[ Zeta, on its substitution for sigma ς see Sigma.]