ἐχθρός
echthrós · G2190 · Greek · 32 occurrences
Meanings
-
being an enemy, in opposition to
Pertaining to being at enmity with someone
ExamplesMatthew 5:43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘YOU SHALL LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOR and hate your enemy.’
Matthew 5:44 “But I say to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you,
Matthew 10:36 and A PERSON’S ENEMIES WILL BE THE MEMBERS OF HIS HOUSEHOLD.
How it’s used In 8 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Whose, or of whatGenitive or possessive
22 occurrences in 7 groups
- σύyou 12
- αὐτόςhe, she, it, same 4
- ἐγώI, we 2
- δικαιοσύνηrighteousness 1
- θεόςGod 1
- ἄνθρωποςman, person, people 1
Words describing itAdjectives, demonstratives, participles
2 occurrences in 2 groups
- ἔσχατοςlast 1
- οὗτοςthis 1
Named alongside itApposition
3 occurrences in 3 groups
- θάνατοςdeath 1
- θέλωto want, to wish, to desire 1
- σπείρωto sow 1
What it doesIt is the subject
6 occurrences in 6 groups
- ἔρχομαιto come 1
- θεωρέωto see, to look at, to observe 1
- καταργέωto abolish, to bring to an end 1
- πεινάωto be hungry 1
- τίθημιto put 1
- παρεμβάλλωto encamp 1
What is done to itIt is the object
14 occurrences in 8 groups
- τίθημιto put 6
- ἀγαπάωto love 3
- καθίστημιto appoint, to put in charge 1
- κατεσθίωto eat up 1
- κλαίωto weep 1
- λέγωto say 1
What it is said to bePredicate
2 occurrences in 2 groups
- διάβολοςdevil 1
- οἰκιακόςmember of a family 1
After prepositionsPrepositional phrases
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- ἐκfrom 1
In phrases “… of it”It is the genitive
2 occurrences in 2 groups
- δύναμιςpower, mighty deed 1
- χείρhand 1
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 3 words
- אֹיֵב ʼôyêb · H341 · to be (someone's) enemy, enemy
- Hebrew אֹיֵב (ʼôyêb, H341) and Greek ἐχθρός (echthrós, G2190) both denote 'enemy' or 'adversary' as their core sense, functioning as direct translation equivalents across the Hebrew Bible and Septuagint with consistent semantic overlap in contexts of hostility, opposition, and enmity.
- צַר tsar · H6862 · narrow, small
- Greek ἐχθρός and Hebrew צַר both denote an adversary or enemy as their core sense; צַר carries additional connotations of distress, narrowness, and affliction that ἐχθρός lacks, but the shared adversarial meaning justifies treating them as cross-linguistic equivalents.
- שָׁרַר shârar · H8324 · enemy
- ἐχθρός (echthrós, G2190) translates שָׁרַר (shârar, H8324) in contexts where both denote an adversarial enemy, though the Greek term encompasses both a passive sense (hateful, odious) and an active sense (hostile), while the Hebrew term maintains the more straightforward denotation “enemy.”
Semantic domains 1 entry
- Being an enemy, in opposition to39.11
- In Matthew 5:44, Jesus teaches, “love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you,” naming one who stands in hostile opposition.
Word family 2 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon ἔχθρα, ἐχθρόν (ἔχθος hatred); the Sept. numberless times for אויֵב, also for צַר, several…
1. passively, hated, odious, hateful (in Homer only in this sense): Rom 11:28 (opposed to ἀγαπητός).
2. actively, hostile, hating and opposing another: 1 Cor 15:25; 2 Thess 3:15; with the genitive of the person hated or opposed, Jas 4:4 Lachmann; Gal 4:16, cf. Meyer or Wieseler on the latter passage used of men as at enmity with God by their sin: Rom 5:10 (cf. Rom 8:7; Col 1:21; Jas 4:4) (but many take ἐχθρός here (as in , see 1 above) passively; cf. Meyer); τῇ διάνοια, opposing (God) in the mind, Col 1:21; ἐχθρός ἄνθρωπος, a man that is hostile, a certain enemy, Mt 13:28; ὁ ἐχθρός, the hostile one (well known to you), i. e. κατ' ἐξοχήν the devil, the most bitter enemy of the divine government: Lk 10:19, cf. Mt 13:39 (and ecclesiastical writings). ὁ ἐχθρός (and ἐχθρός) substantively, enemy (so the word, whether adjective or a substantive, is translated in A. V., except twice (R. V. once) foe: ἔσχατος ἐχθρός, 1 Cor 15:26): with the genitive of the person to whom one is hostile, Mt 5:43; Mt 10:36; Mt 13:25; (Lk 1:1),; Lk 6:27, Lk 6:35, Lk 19:27, Lk 6:43; Rom 12:20; Rev 11:5, Rev 11:12; in the words of Ps 109:1, quoted in Mt 22:44; Mk 12:36; Lk 20:43; Acts 2:35; 1 Cor 15:25 (L brackets; others omit the genitive (see above)); Heb 1:13; Heb 10:13. with the genitive of the thing: Acts 13:10; τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ, who given up to their evil passions evade the obligations imposed upon them by the death of Christ, Phm 3:18.
Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (1889), public domain
Topical studies with this word 1 entry
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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