רוּחַ

H7307. ruach
רוּחַ378 noun feminineGen 41:8 (less often masculineExo 10:13 +) breath, wind, spirit; — absolute ׳ר Gen 8:1 +, ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23; construct רוּחַ Gen 6:17 +; suffix רוּחִי Gen 6:3 +, רוּחֲךָ Psa 104:30 +, etc.; plural רוּחוֺת Psa 104:4 +, רֻחוֺת Jer 49:36, רוּחֹת Num 16:22; Num 26:16 (see Brרוח in O.T., JBL xix (1900), 132 ff., full statement of all passages); —
1 breath of mouth or nostrils (33 t.):
a. מִּיו רוּחַ Job 15:30 breath of his mouth, compare Job 19:17; אַמֵּינוּ רוּחַ Lam 4:20 (figurative of king), of idols בָּם רוּחַ לֹא Jer 10:14 = Jer 51:17, Hab 2:19; Psa 135:17; compare Job 9:18.
b. as mere breath: compare 2e. דִּבְרֵירֿוּחַ Job 16:3 i.e. windy words; אִמְרֵי לְרוּחַ נוֺאָשׁ Job 6:26, לְרוּחַ יִהְיוּ הַנְּבִיאִים Jer 5:13.
c. as word of command: (1) of God: צְבָאָם כָּלֿ מִּיו בְּרוּחַ (נעשׂו)Psa 33:6, compare Isa 34:16 (|| מֶּה); (2) of Messianic king: רָשָׁע יָמִית שְׂפָתָיו בְּרוּחַ Isa 11:4.
d. as hard breathing through the nostrils in anger: (1) of God: יִכְלוּ אַמּוֺ מֵרוּח Job 4:9; Exo 15:8 (poem), 2Sa 22:16 = Psa 18:16; Isa 30:28; Isa 59:19; (2) of man: עָרִיצִים רוּחַ Isa 25:4.
e. as sign and symbol of life: חַיִּים רוּחַ breath of life Gen 6:17; Gen 7:15 (P); בְּאַמָּיו חַיִּים רוּחַ נִשְׁמַת Gen 7:22 (P); Eze 37:5, compare Eze 37:6; Eze 37:8; Eze 37:9; Eze 37:9; Eze 37:9; Eze 37:10; Eze 37:14 (breath or spirit), Ecc 3:19.
2 wind (117 t.):
a. wind of heaven: Gen 8:1 (P) Exo 15:10 (E) Num 11:31 (J) 1Ki 18:45 +, Jer 10:13, thence Jer 51:16; Psa 135:7; י ׳רוּחַ Hos 13:15; Isa 40:7, compare Job 26:13 (Di Bu); (ה)קָדִים רוּחַ east wind Exo 10:13 (twice in verse); Exo 14:21 (J) Psa 48:8; Jer 18:17; Eze 17:10; Eze 19:12; Eze 27:26; Jon 4:8; ׳ר צָפוֺן north wind Pro 25:23; ׳ר יָם sea wind (west wind) Exo 10:19 (J); . ׳ר הַיּוֺם day wind, evening wind Gen 3:8 (J; compare Son 2:17; Son 4:6); רוּחוֺת אַרְבַּע four winds Jer 49:36; Eze 37:9 (quarters?) Dan 8:8; Dan 11:4 (figurative quarters; compare
b), Zec 2:10; Zec 6:5; סְעְרָה רוּחַ storm wind Psa 107:25; Psa 148:8; Eze 1:4 (׳ר סְעָרוֺת), Eze 13:11, Eze 13:13; סֹעָה רוּחַ rushing wind Psa 55:9 (read possibly סערה Hup); רוּחוֺ בַּעְיָם Isa 11:15 (read ר ׳בְּעֹצֶם, see עֹצֶם עֲיָם,), etc; wind personified: רוּחַ כַּנְפֵי 2Sa 22:11 = Psa 18:11; Psa 104:3, compare Hos 4:19; Psa 104:4.
b. quarter (of wind), side: הַקָּדִים רוּחַ Eze 42:16 east side; הַצָּפוֺן רוּחַ Eze 42:17 north side; הַדָּרוֺם רוּחַ Eze 42:18 south side; הַיָּם רוּחַ Eze 42:19 west side; רוּחוֺת אַרְבַּע Eze 42:20; 1Ch 9:24 four sides; ר֑וּחָה Jer 52:23 on the sides.
c. breath of air: כַּתַּנִּים רוּחַ שָׁאֲפוּ Jer 14:6; בֵּינֵיהֶם יָבֹא לֹא רוּחַ Job 41:8.
d. air, gas, from womb (dubious): רוּחַ יָלַדְנוּ כְּמוֺ Isa 26:18 (Di, e); תֹּאכַלְכֶם אֵשׁ רוּחֲכֶם (RV breath) Isa 33:11 (Du, 3c).
e. vain, empty thing: רוּחַיָּי֑ Job 7:7 my life is wind; רוּחַ דַּעַת Job 15:2; נִסְכֵּיהֶם וָתֹהוּ רוּחַ Isa 41:29; רוּחַ רְעוּת striving for wind Ecc 1:14; Ecc 2:11, Ecc 2:17, Ecc 2:26; Ecc 4:4, Ecc 4:6; Ecc 6:9; compare Ecc 1:17; Ecc 4:16; Ecc 5:15.
3 spirit, as that which breathes quickly in animation or agitation = temper, disposition (76 t.; so, distinctively, as compared with נֶפֶשׁ and לֵבָב):
a. spirit, animation, vivacity, vigour: רוּחַ עוֺד בָהּ הָיָה לֹא 1Ki 10:5 2Ch 9:4; סָרָה רוּחֲךָ מַהזֶּֿה 1Ki 21:5; רוּחַ וַתְּחִי Gen 45:27 (E); רוּחוֺ וַתָּשָׁב Jdg 15:19; 1Sa 30:12.
b. courage: ר עוֺד בָם הָיָה ׳לֹא Jos 5:1; ר ׳יִבְצֹר נְגִידִים Psalm 76:13; ר ׳וְנָָֽבְקָה מִצְרַיִם Isa 19:3; רוּחִי תתעטּף Psa 77:4; Psa 142:4; Psa 143:4; ר ׳עוֺד קָמָה לֹא Jos 2:11; ׳ר מַחֲלֵהוּ יְכַלְכֵּל אִישׁ Pro 18:14.
c. temper, especially anger: וגו בֵּין רָעָה ׳רוּחַ Jdg 9:23; רוּחָם רָֽפְתָה אָז Jdg 8:3; בְּרוּחוֺ משֵׁל Pro 16:32, compare Pro 25:28; Pro 29:11; Job 15:13; אֶתרֿוּחִי הֵנִיחוּ Zec 6:8; Ecc 7:9; Ecc 10:4.
d. impatience or patience: רוּחַ קֹצֶר Exo 6:9 (P) impatience, hastiness of temper, compare (of ׳י) Mic 2:7; קְצַררֿוּחַ Pro 14:29 (|| אַפַיִם אֶרֶךְ); בִּטְנִי רוּחַ הֱצִיקַתְנִי Job 32:18 (Du breath; Di Bu divine spirit, compare Job 32:8); רוּחִי לֹאתִֿקְצַר מַדּוּעַ אִם Job 21:4; י רוּחַ ׳הֲקָצַר Mic 2:7; ר ׳אֶרֶךְ Ecc 7:8.
e. spirit, disposition, as troubled, bitter, or discontented; רוּח(וׅ וַתִּמָּעֶם (his) spirit was troubled Gen 41:8 (E) Dan 2:3, compare Dan 2:1; רוּחַ מֹרַת Gen 26:35 (P) bitterness of spirit; ר ׳עֲצוּבַת Isa 54:6, compare Eze 3:14; Job 6:4.
f. as crushed: כָלרֿוּחַ וְכִהֲתָה Eze 21:12, compare Isa 61:3; Pro 15:4, Pro 15:13; Pro 17:22; Pro 18:14; Psa 143:7.
g. disposition of various kinds, often unaccountable and uncontrollable impulse: אֶתרֿוּחַ הֵעִיר 1Ch 5:26 (twice in verse); 2Ch 21:16; 2Ch 36:22; Ezr 1:1, Ezr 1:5; Jer 51:11; Hag 1:14 (3 t. in verse); רוּח בּוֺ נ(וֺ)תֵן הִנְנִי2Ki 19:7 = Isa 37:7; Num 14:24 (J; see עִם 4b), Mal 2:15 (twice in verse); Mal 2:16; Deu 2:30; קִנְאָה רוּחַ jealous disposition Num 5:14 (twice in verse); Num 5:30 (P); וְנוּנִים רוּחַ Hos 4:12; Hos 5:4; עִוְעִים רוּחַIsa 19:14; מִשְׁמָּט רוּחַ Isa 28:6; בּוֺ אֱלהִֹרם רוּחַ אֲשֶׁר אִישׁ (administrative) Gen 41:38 (E); הְּבוּנָה אִישׁ רוּחַ קַר Pro 17:27.
h. prophetic spirit: בּזֹ רוּחַ אֲשֶׁרֿ אִישׁ יְהוֺשֻׁעַNum 27:18 (P; or
g, as Gen 41:38); עַלאֱֿלִישָׁע אֵלִיָּהוּ רוּחַ2Ki 2:15, compare 2Ki 2:9; תַּרְדֵמָה רוּחַ spirit of deep sleep (ecstatic, compare Gen 2:21; Gen 15:12, but Di and others
g, as Isa 19:14) Isa 29:10; Mic 2:11; הַטֻמְאָה רוּחַ Zec 13:2 (of lying prophets), compare Eze 13:3.
4 spirit of the living, breathing being, dwelling in the בָּשָׂר of men and animals, || נֶפֶשׁ (25 t.):
a. gift and creation of God: בְּקִרְבּוֺ אָדָם רוּחַ יֹצֵר Zec 12:1; בְּאַמִּי אֱלוֺהַּ רוּחַ Job 27:3, compare Isa 42:5.
b. God preserves it: רוּחִי שָֽׁמְרָה מְּקֻדָּֽתְךָ Job 10:12, compare Job 12:10; בָּשָׂ֑ר לְכָל הָרוּחֹת אֱלֹהֵי Num 16:22; Num 27:16 (P); רוּחוֺת תֹּכֵן Pro 16:2.
c. it is therefore God's spirit: Gen 6:3 (J; see דִּין near the end).
d. it departs at death: Psa 78:39 (Dr a wind that passeth away 2e); רוּחִי חַיֵּי Isa 38:16 (Di principle of life), Psa 146:4; especially Psa 104:29; Psa 104:30; Job 17:1; Job 34:14 (compare Job 34:15), Isa 57:16; Ecc 8:8 (twice in verse) (wind Wild); הָרוּחַ מַהדֶּֿרֶךְ יוֺדֵעַ אֵינְךָ Ecc 11:5, compare Ecc 3:21; over ag. נְתָנָהּ אֲשֶׁר אֶלהָֿאֱלֹהִים תָּשׁוּב הָרוּחַ Ecc 12:7; רוּחִי אַפְקִיד בְּיָָֽדְךָ Psa 31:6.
e. disembodied being (dubious, Di Du breath of wind): יַחֲלֹף עַלמָּֿנַי וְרוּחַ Job 4:15.
5 spirit as seat of emotion = נֶפֶשׁ:
a. desire (possibly 3g), Isa 26:9 (|| נֶפֶשׁ).
b. sorrow, trouble (probably 3e), Job 7:11 (|| נֶפֶשׁ). — 1Sa 1:15 see קָשֶׁה.
6 occasionally, (and late) = seat or organ of mental acts, || לֵב, or synonym with it: חָכְמָה רוּחַ Exo 28:3; Deu 34:9 (both P; probably 3g); רוּחַ תּעֵי Isa 29:24, compare Job 20:3 (Hi Bu Du wind of Job's words), Psa 77:7 (ᵐ5 Symm ᵑ6 Jerome troubled disposition); יהוה רוּחַ Isa 40:13; come into mind Eze 11:5, Eze 20:32 (compare לֵב Isa 65:17; Jer 3:16 +); 1Ch 28:12.
7 rarely of the will; also = לֵב נָכוֺן רוּחַ Psa 51:12 (= נָכוֺן לֵב Psa 57:8 (twice in verse) +); נְדִיבָה רוּחַ Psa 51:14; רוּחוֺ נָָֽדְבָה Exo 35:21 (P; compare לֵב נְדִיב Exo 35:5, Exo 35:22 (P) 2Ch 29:31).
8 רוּחַ especially of moral character; also = חֲדָשָׁה רוּחַ ׃לֵבEze 11:19; Eze 18:31; Eze 36:26; רוּחִי Eze 36:27; Isa 59:21 (רוּחִי, || דְּבָרַי; but probably prophetic spirit
9b); חָדָשׁ לֵב Eze 18:31; Eze 36:26; רוּחַ נְכֵה Isa 66:2; רוּחַ דַּכְּאֵי Psa 34:19 (compare נִדְכָּאִים לֵב Isa 57:15); רוּחַ מִשֵּׁבֶר Isa 65:14 (compare 3f); נִשְׁבָּרֶה רוּחַ Psa 51:19 (|| נִשְׁבָּר לֵב, compare לֵב נִשְׁבְּרֵי Psa 34:19; Isa 61:1); Psa 32:2; Pro 11:13; Pro 16:18; Psa 78:8; Ecc 7:8 (compare גְּבַהּלֵב Pro 16:5); רוּחַ שְׁפַל Pro 16:19; Pro 29:23; Isa 57:15; שְׁפָלִים רוּחַ Isa 57:15 (compare 3f).
9 spirit of God (94 t.; not D or Jeremiah or any Deuteronomic writer; conception of its activity in inspiring prophecy probably discredited from abuse by false prophets, see נבא נביא,):
a. as inspiring ecstatic state of prophecy, Num 11:17, Num 11:25 (twice in verse); Num 11:26, Num 11:29 (J), 1Sa 10:6, 1Sa 10:10 (compare 1Sa 10:5), 1Sa 19:20, 1Sa 19:23; as inciting to deeds of frenzy, in the ecstatic state; hence conceived as ׳ר רָעָה אֱלֹהִים 1Sa 16:15 (twice in verse); 1Sa 16:16, = ׳ר י מֵאֵת ׳רָעָה 1Sa 16:14 = ר ׳צלח ׳א רָעָה 1Sa 18:10 (other narrative) = ׳ר ׳י רָעָה 1Sa 19:9; ׳ר ׳א 1Sa 16:23 = הָרָעָה רוּחַ 1Sa 16:23, compare הָרוּחַ 1Ki 22:21 = ׳ר שֶׁקֶר 1Ki 22:22; 1Ki 22:23 2Ch 18:20-21, 2Ch 18:22 = י ׳רוּחַ 1Ki 22:24 2Ch 18:23; compare also (in earlier prophets) הָרוּחַ אִישׁ, i.e. one possessed by the spirit in the ecstatic state, || הַנָּבִּיא Hos 9:7; י ׳רוּחַ Mic 3:8 (|| בֹּחַ) is probably gloss (We Now); רוּחִי וְלֹא Isa 30:1; רוּחַ dealing with Ezek.: Eze 2:2; Eze 3:12, Eze 3:14, Eze 3:24; Eze 8:3; Eze 11:1, Eze 11:5, Eze 11:24 (Co gloss), Eze 37:1; Eze 43:5 (all implying ecstatic state of vision), compare Elijah 1Ki 18:12; 2Ki 2:16.
b. spirit as impelling prophets to utter instruction or warning (higher and later conception): transition probably Num 24:2; 2Sa 23:2; 1Ch 12:18; elsewhere in Chronicles: 2Ch 15:1; 2Ch 20:14; 2Ch 24:20; distinctly in Isa2, Isa 48:16, compare Isa 61:1; so of ancient prophets, Zec 7:12; Neh 9:30; compare, of future prophetic gift, Joe 3:1; Joe 3:2.
c. imparting warlike energy, and executive and administrative power: (1) to מְלָכִים מוֺשִׁיעִים, שֹׁפְטִים,, of ancient Israel: ׳י על רוּחַ וַתְּהִי Jdg 3:10; Jdg 11:29, compare Jdg 6:34; Jdg 13:25; Jdg 14:6, Jdg 14:19; Jdg 15:14; 1Sa 11:6; 1Sa 16:13-14, so also מִמָּרוֺם רוּחַ עָלֵינוּ יֵעָרֶה עַד Isa 32:15; (2) resting upon Messianic king: Isa 11:2 (3 t. in verse); upon servant of ׳י, Isa 42:1.
d. late, as endowing men with various gifts: technical skill Exo 31:3; Exo 35:31 (P); understanding Job 32:8 (|| שַׁדַּי נִשְׁמַת); poured out by divine wisdom <ref>Pro 1: