Word

קָשָׁה

qâshâh · H7185 · Hebrew · 28 occurrences

See all 28 in Search

Meanings

to be hard, to be difficult

Process by which humans experience an event as difficult to handle or hard to accept

Examples
Deuteronomy 1:17 ‘You are not to show partiality in judgment; you shall hear the small and the great alike. You are not to be afraid of any person, for the judgment is God’s. The case that is too difficult for you, you shall bring to me, and I will hear it.’
to do something hard

Actions by which humans do something that is experienced as difficult to handle or hard to accept

Examples
2 Kings 2:10 He said, “You have asked a hard thing. Nevertheless, if you see me when I am taken from you, it shall be so for you; but if not, it shall not be so.”
to stubbornly refuse

Action by which humans refuse to do something out of stubbornness

Examples
Exodus 13:15 ‘And it came about, when Pharaoh was stubborn about letting us go, that the LORD put to death every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from human firstborns to animal firstborns. Therefore, I sacrifice to the LORD the males, every firstborn of a womb, but every firstborn of my sons I redeem.’
to oppose, to resist

Action by which humans act with stubbornness towards others, being unwilling to yield

Examples
Job 9:4 “Wise in heart and mighty in strength, Who has defied Him without harm?
to be stubborn, to be stiff-necked

Literally: to harden one's neck, heart; action by which humans show themselves to be stubborn and unwilling to yield

Examples
Deuteronomy 10:16 “So circumcise your heart, and do not stiffen your neck any longer.
Exodus 7:3 “But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, so that I may multiply My signs and My wonders in the land of Egypt.
to suffer

Process by which humans suffer hardship, possibly including physical pain

Examples
Genesis 35:16 Then they journeyed on from Bethel; but when there was still some distance to go to Ephrath, Rachel began to give birth and she suffered severe difficulties in her labor.
Literally: to harden someone's yoke; hence: causative action by which humans increase the amount of labor imposed on other humans, which weighs down on them as a yoke (to harden (someone's) yoke > to force (someone) to work harder)

Examples
1 Kings 12:4 “Your father made our yoke hard; but now, lighten the hard labor imposed by your father and his heavy yoke which he put on us, and we will serve you.”
to be fierce, to be strong, to be intense, to be harsh

State in which an event is strong in intensity

Examples
Genesis 49:7 “Cursed be their anger, for it is fierce; And their wrath, for it is cruel. I will scatter them in Jacob, And disperse them among Israel.

How it’s used In 6 roles

Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.

the word studied the word it goes with

Who or what does itSubject

27 occurrences in 14 groups

Not stated: they 7
Not stated: he, she or it 5
Not stated: you (more than one) 3
Other words · 11 groups that occur once or twice (12) 12

What it acts on, or what is saidObject

17 occurrences in 5 groups

עֹרֶףneck 11
לֵבheart, mind 2
עֹלyoke 2
לֵבָבheart, mind 1
רוּחַspirit, wind 1

With prepositionsPrepositional phrases

12 occurrences in 13 groups

Other words · 13 groups that occur once or twice (14) 14

With adverbsAdverbs

4 occurrences in 4 groups

לֹאnot 2
אַלnot, do not 2
עוֹדstill, again, yet 1
עַתָּהnow 1

What it doesIt is the subject

1 occurrences in 1 groups

נָפַלto fall 1

After prepositionsPrepositional phrases

1 occurrences in 1 groups

בin/on/with 1

When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.

MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.

In the other Testament 1 word

σκληρύνω sklērýnō · G4645 · to make stubborn, to make obstinate, to be stubborn: Greek σκληρύνω specifically denotes the hardening or making stubborn (particularly of hearts/necks in resistance), whereas Hebrew קָשָׁה encompasses a broader semantic range including severity, cruelty, difficulty, and stiffness beyond the figurative obstinacy sense.

Semantic domains 4 entries

Hard002001003009: This domain is not independently illustrated by the sampled citations, which concern difficult labor and hardening rather than physical hardness.
Unwilling002001002031: The word's "be stubborn" sense is directly illustrated by Pharaoh being "stubborn about letting us go" (Exodus 13:15).
Unsafe002003003022: This domain is not independently illustrated by the sampled citations, which concern difficult labor and stubbornness rather than danger.
Intense002001003011: The word's sense of severity is directly illustrated by Rachel's "severe difficulties in her labor" (Genesis 35:16-17) and the cursed anger and cruel wrath of Simeon and Levi (Genesis 49:7).

Word family 7 words

Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.

קָשָׁהqâshâh · H7185קֶשֶׁת qesheth · H7198 · bow, arrow · 76×קָשֶׁה qâsheh · H7186 · hard, harsh, savage · 36×מִקְשָׁה miqshâh · H4749 · hammered work, beaten work, melon field · 9×מִקְשֶׁה miqsheh · H4748 · elaborately dressed hair · 1×קְשִׁי qᵉshîy · H7190 · stubbornness · 1×

Also from the root קָשָׁה

קֶסֶת qeçeth · H7083 · writing case · 3×

Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H7185. qashah I. [קָשָׁה] verb be hard, severe, fierce (Late Hebrew קָשָׁה be severe;…

H7185. qashah
I. [קָשָׁה] verb be hard, severe, fierce (Late Hebrew קָשָׁה be severe; Arabic () be hard, dry, III. endure, struggle against, severity; Aramaic קְשָׁא, be hard, difficult; Jewish-Aramaic קַשְׁיָה קְשִׁי, adjective hard); —
Qal Perfect3feminine singular קָֽשְׁתָה 1Sa 5:7, קָשָׁ֑תָה Gen 49:7; Imperfect3masculine singular יִקְשֶׁה Deu 1:17; Deu 15:18, וַיִּ֫קֶשׁ 2 Samuel 19:44; —
1 be hard, difficult Deu 1:17 (of a legal case; מִן comparative).
2 be hard, severe, עָלֵינוּ ׳ק יָדוֺ1Sa 5:7 (of ׳י, in judgement); ׳יִק בְעֵינֶ֑ךָ. Deu 15:18 it shall not be hard in thine eyes (seem a severe trial, an injustice); of wrath Gen 49:7 (poem in J; || עָ֑ז); of fierce words 2 Samuel 19:44.
Niph`al Participle נִקְשֶׁה Isa 8:21 hardly bestead, hard pressed.
Pi`el Imperfect3feminine singular בְּלִדְתָּהּ וַתְּקַשׁ Gen 35:16 (E) she made hard in her bearing (had severe labour).
Hiph`il Perfect3masculine singular הִקְשָׁה Exo 13:15 +, etc.; Imperfect3masculine singular וַיֶּקֶשׁ2Ch 36:13; 2Ch 36:3 masculine plural וַיַּקְשׁוּ Jer 7:26 +, etc.; Infinitive construct suffix בְּהַקְשֹׁתָהּ Gen 35:17; Participle מַקְשֶׁה Pro 28:14; Pro 29:1; —
1 make difficult, difficulty: לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ הִקְשָׁה Exo 13:15 Pharaoh made difficulty about sending us away; of travail Gen 35:17 (E; as
Pi`el); לִשְׁאוֺל הִקְשִׁיתָ 2Ki 2:10 thou hast made hard to ask, asked a hard thing.
2 make severe, burdensome, yoke imposed by king 1Ki 12:4 2Ch 10:4.
3. a. make hard, stiff, stubborn, figurative of obstinacy: אֶתעָֿרְמָּם וַיַּקְשׁוּ 2Ki 17:14 they stiffened their neck, so Jer 7:26; Jer 17:23; Jer 19:15; Deu 10:16; 2Ch 30:8; 2Ch 36:13; Neh 9:16-17, Neh 9:29; Pro 29:1; לְבַבְכֶם אַלתַּֿקְשׁוּ Psa 95:8, compare Pro 28:14; subject פ אֶתלֵֿב ׳אַקְשֶׁה ׳י, Exo 7:3 (P), accusative אֶתרֿוחוֺ Deu 2:30,
b. shew stubborness Job 9:4 (with אֶל person [׳י]).

Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain

Topical studies with this word 4 entries

Unwilling17 occurrences Hard3 occurrences Intense3 occurrences Unsafe5 occurrences

Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.

Sources

eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0