כָּלַל
kâlal · H3634 · Hebrew · 2 occurrences
Meanings
-
to perfect, to make perfect
Causative process by which humans cause a condition to have all the required qualities
ExamplesEzekiel 27:4 “Your borders are in the heart of the seas; Your builders have perfected your beauty.
Ezekiel 27:11 “The sons of Arvad and your army were on your walls, all around, and the Gammadim were in your towers. They hung their shields on your walls all around; they perfected your beauty.
How it’s used In 2 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Who or what does itSubject
2 occurrences in 2 groups
- בָּנָהto build, to rebuild, to establish 1
- הֵםthey, them 1
What it acts on, or what is saidObject
2 occurrences in 1 groups
- יֳפִיbeauty 2
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Near synonyms 3 words
- מָלֵא mâlêʼ · H4390 · to be full, to be filled, to fill (with oneself)
- Both the target term ('perfect') and מָלֵא (mâlêʼ, H4390) ('fulfill, accomplish, complete') belong to the semantic field of completion and perfection. These represent plausible near-synonyms describing the act of bringing something to completion or wholeness, though the target term is rare (attested only twice), so the domain match, while real and semantically coherent, is not backed by extensive independent evidence.
- תָּמַם tâmam · H8552 · to be finished, to be spent, to be completed
- Both words describe bringing something to completion or a finished state: the target term means to make perfect, while תָּמַם (tâmam, H8552) means to accomplish, finish or make an end.
- כָּלָה kâlâh · H3615 · to be finished, to be completed, to come to an end
- Both the target term ('make perfect') and כָּלָה (kâlâh, H3615) belong to the semantic field of completion and perfection. The target term is rare (attested only twice) and carries the specific sense of 'making perfect,' while כָּלָה is a broad, common verb covering 'finish, complete, consume, destroy, end, fail.' The overlap is real, but the target term's rarity and more specialized nuance make this a modest, rather than central, near-synonym relationship.
Semantic domains 2 entries
- Complete002001003003
- כָּלַל describes something being made perfect or complete, illustrated at Ezekiel 27:4 and 27:11 ("they have perfected your beauty") — a genuine sense of bringing something to its finished, ideal state.
- Intense002001003011
- This entry carries no independent "Intense" sense of its own; both of this lexeme's genuine tagged occurrences (Ezekiel 27:4, 27:11) concern something being made perfect or complete, not merely intensified in degree. The domain is bundle-shared with a related sense.
Word family 9 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon H3634. kalal I. כָּלַל verb complete, perfect (Late Hebrew comprehend, include, Pi`el…
I. כָּלַל verb complete, perfect (Late Hebrew comprehend, include, Pi`el complete, כְּלָל a General rule, בִּכְלָל in General; Biblical Aramaic and Syriac Shaph`el שׁכלל, complete, finish; Assyrian kalâli III. I. 2. complete; Arabic is be wearied, fatigued; Aramaic כְּלִילָא, is a crown, hence denominative אַכְלֵיל, to crown; Ethiopic I. 2 to crown, a crown, crowning (of bride), nuptials; Arabic a crown, loan-word (Frä62)): — Eze 27:4 יָפְיֵךְ כָּֽלְלוּ בֹּנַיִךְ thy builders have perfected thy beauty (of Tyre, under figure of ship), Eze 27:11.
[כְּלַל] verb complete (see Biblical Hebrew I. [כָּלַל]; but ׳שַׁכ perhaps loan-word from Assyrian šuklulu, ušaklil, uštaklil, DIWB 331, compare שֵׁיצֵא שֵׁיוֵב, and Buhl14); —
Shaph`el of building: Perfect3masculine singular suffix שַׁכְלְלֵהּ Ezr 5:11 he finished it; 3 masculine plural שַׁכְלִלוּ Ezr 6:14, also (with accusative of thing) Ezr 4:12 (Kt אשׁכללו שׁודי, read Qr) שׁ ׳שׁוּרַיָא; Infinitive לְהַשְׁכְּלָלָה, accusative of thing Ezr 5:3, Ezr 5:9.
Ishtaph. be completed, of walls; Imperfect3masculine plural יִשְׁתַּכְלְלוּן Ezr 4:13, Ezr 4:16.
Brown, Driver and Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (1906), public domain
Topical studies with this word 2 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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