πικραίνω
pikraínō · G4087 · Greek · 4 occurrences
Meanings
-
to make bitter
To cause something to become bitter
ExamplesRevelation 8:11 The star is named Wormwood; and a third of the waters became wormwood, and many people died from the waters because they were made bitter.
Revelation 10:9 And I went to the angel, telling him to give me the little scroll. And he said to me, “Take it and eat it; it will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be sweet as honey.”
Revelation 10:10 I took the little scroll from the angel’s hand and ate it, and in my mouth it was sweet as honey; and when I had eaten it, my stomach was made bitter.
-
to be embittered, to have bitter hate
(Derivative of πικρία ‘bitterness,’) To have bitter resentment or hatred toward someone else
ExamplesColossians 3:19 Husbands, love your wives and do not become bitter against them.
How it’s used In 5 roles
Every occurrence, grouped by the words it is grammatically related to.
the word studied the word it goes with
Who or what does itSubject
4 occurrences in 4 groups
- κοιλίαbelly, internal organs, womb 1
- Not stated: you (more than one) 1
- Not stated: they 1
- Not stated: he, she or it 1
What it acts on, or what is saidObject
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- κοιλίαbelly, internal organs, womb 1
With prepositionsPrepositional phrases
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- πρόςto, toward, with+ αὐτόςhe, she, it, same 1
With adverbsAdverbs
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- μήnot 1
What is done to itIt is the object
1 occurrences in 1 groups
- λέγωto say 1
When two words share a role, as in “Paul and Barnabas said”, the verse appears under each, so a section’s counts can add up to more than the number of occurrences.
MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
In the other Testament 1 word
- מָרַר mârar · H4843 · to taste bitter, to be embittered
- Hebrew מָרַר and Greek πικραίνω share the core semantic field of bitterness (both literal and figurative), representing direct cross-linguistic translation equivalents for the concept of making or being bitter.
Semantic domains 2 entries
- To make bitter79.42
- πικραίνω describes causing something to taste bitter. John's vision of the little scroll records the angel's instruction: “Take it and eat it; it will make your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be sweet as honey” (Revelation 10:9).
- To be embittered, to have bitter hate88.202
- The same verb, used reflexively, describes a settled, resentful hostility toward another. Paul instructs husbands regarding their wives: “Husbands, love your wives and do not become bitter against them” (Colossians 3:19, where πικραίνω is rendered “become bitter”).
Word family 6 words
Words formed from the same root. They share a form, not always a meaning.
Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon : future πικράνω; passive, present πικραίνομαι; 1 aorist ἐπικρανθην; (πικρός, which see);…
1. properly, to make bitter: τά ὕδατα, passive, Rev 8:11; τήν κοιλίαν, to produce a bitter taste in the stomach (Vulg.amarico), Rev 10:9f.
2. tropically, to embitter, exasperate, i. e. render angry, indignant; passive, to be embittered, irritated (Plato, Demosthenes, others): πρός τινα, Col 3:19 (Athen. 6, p. 242 c.; ἐπί τινα, Ex 16:20; Jer 44:15; 1 Esdr. 4:31; (ἐν τίνι, Ruth 1:20)); contextually equivalent to to visit with bitterness, to grieve (deal bitterly with), Job 27:2; Macc. 3:7. (Compare: παραπικραίνω.)
Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (1889), public domain
Topical studies with this word 2 entries
Meanings adapted from the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament, © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0 and the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew (from the Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew), © United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0; MACULA Greek Linguistic Datasets, available at https://github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-greek/, licensed CC BY 4.0; MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets © 2022-2024 by Biblica, Inc., CC BY 4.0. Westminster Leningrad Codex (tanach.us). OpenScriptures Hebrew Bible morphology (hb.openscriptures.org), CC BY 4.0.
Sources
eRhema lexical overview, based on the UBS Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew and the UBS Dictionary of the Greek New Testament (© United Bible Societies, CC BY-SA 4.0) and Macula Hebrew and Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0); released under CC BY-SA 4.0
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